A GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF BITUMEN DEPOSITS IN SOUTHERN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

This study examines the spatial variation and distribution patterns of bitumen deposits in Southern Ondo State, Nigeria, using advanced geospatial techniques. The research aims to delineate the areal extent, spatial structure, and locational variability of bituminous formations across Odigbo, Irele, and Okitipupa Local Government Areas (LGAs). Spatial datasets, comprising geological maps, satellite imagery, and bitumen block coordinates, were analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to quantify coverage, detect overlaps, and model distribution dynamics. Results reveal that bitumen deposits are unevenly distributed, with Irele LGA possessing the highest concentration (97.6% land coverage), followed by Okitipupa (73.8%) and Odigbo (33.4%). Blocks IV, V, and VI emerge as the most spatially extensive and economically promising zones. The observed distribution aligns with the sedimentary framework of the Dahomey Basin, indicating structural continuity and favorable depositional conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation. While the spatial abundance signifies substantial economic potential, it also presents ecological risks, including deforestation, soil degradation, and water contamination. The study emphasizes the necessity of sustainable exploration strategies that incorporate geospatial monitoring and environmental management frameworks. By integrating spatial analytics with resource evaluation, this research provides a data-driven foundation for policy formulation, concession planning, and the sustainable exploitation of Nigeria’s bitumen belt. The findings reaffirm the strategic significance of Southern Ondo State as a vital frontier for bitumen development and contribute to advancing geospatial applications in mineral resource management.