Statehood, Democracy, and Identity Politics in Nigeria: A Struggle for National Cohesion

Abstract

The interplay between statehood, democracy, and identity politics presents a complex challenge in multi-ethnic societies. While democracy is designed to promote inclusivity, pluralism, and equal representation, identity politics – shaped by ethnic, religious, and cultural distinctions – often exacerbates political divisions and weakens national cohesion. In Nigeria, the persistence of identity-based political mobilization raises critical questions about democracy’s capacity to integrate diverse groups and foster national unity. This study examines whether democracy mitigates or perpetuates identity politics, using the Liberal Democratic Theory as its theoretical framework. The objective is to analyze how democratic institutions influence identity-based movements and whether political inclusion weakens or reinforces ethnic and religious cleavages. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study draws on historical analysis, policy reviews, and case studies from Nigeria’s political landscape. Findings reveal that while democracy provides formal mechanisms for representation and inclusion, weak institutions, elite manipulation, and economic inequalities sustain identity-based politics. Political actors frequently exploit ethnic and religious sentiments for electoral gains, undermining democratic consolidation. The study concludes that without strong institutions and deliberate efforts to promote national integration, democracy alone is insufficient to eliminate identity-based divisions. To address this challenge, the study recommends strengthening democratic institutions, enforcing policies that promote inclusive governance, and fostering civic education to build a shared national identity. By mitigating identity politics, Nigeria can enhance democratic stability and state cohesion, ensuring that democracy serves as a unifying force rather than a source of fragmentation.