JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
type: channel
description: The Journal of Psychology, Sociology, History, and International Studies is a peer-reviewed publication dedicated to exploring the intricate relationships between psychological, social, historical, and international factors that shape human behavior, societies, and global interactions. This journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share innovative research, critical analyses, and insightful perspectives on the most pressing issues of our time. We publish original articles, reviews, and essays that examine the intersections of psychology, sociology, history, and international studies, and their implications for policy, practice, and social change.
language: en
publication name: JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
items: SOCIO- PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON USERS OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
items: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN UNITED STATES –NIGERIA RELATIONS; A DIPLOMATIC APPRAISAL
items: MASQUERADE AND MASQUERADING IN IGBO LAND: A RETROSPECTION ON OMABU-THE NIGHT MASQUERADES AMONG THE TRADITIONAL OGHE SOCIETIES OF THE IGBOS OF NIGERIA
items: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AS PREDICTORS OF ACADEMIC STRESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
items: IMPACT OF FREE MATERNAL HEALTH POLICIES ON THE UTILIZATION OF SKILLED BIRTH SERVICES IN NIGERIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
items: MANDARIN CHINESE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
items: SIMILITUDES IN THE BIAFRAN AND AMBAZONIAN AGITATIONS, 1967–2022
items: IMPACT OF URBAN GROWTH IN NEW OWERRI IMO STATE ON HOST COMMUNITIES, 1976-2020
items: PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MARRIED PERSONS IN AWKA METROPOLIS, ANAMBRA STATE
items: CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE BY THE POLICE FOR CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN NIGERIA
items: JUBILEE YEAR OF HOPE: CATHOLIC WOMEN OF AWKA DIOCESE LIVING OUT THE FAITH
items: IMPACT OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU), 1963-2002
items: THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE COMMODIFICATION OF AFRICAN ARTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
items: THE MORALITY OF REFUGEE INTEGRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WESTERN CULTURE
items: UNITY IN DIVERSITY: THE IMPERATIVE OF DEPOLITICIZING INDIGENEITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN NIGERIA
items: CRITICAL THINKING AS A CORE AIM OF EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGERIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
items: GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AS INSTRUMENTS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA, 1976-1991
items: CULTURAL FESTIVALS IN AWKA, 1970-2021: A CASE STUDY OF THE IMOKA FESTIVAL
items: CHINESE WARS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: INSIGHTS FOR NIGERIA
items: COGNITIVE INSULATION THERAPY: A NOVEL PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION APPROACH
items: REVIVING INDIGENOUS WISDOM: THE INFLUENCE OF IGBO CONFLICT RESOLUTION ON CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL DIPLOMACY
items: “NATIONALIZATION OF RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE, 1980-2008”
items: THE IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON IGWEBUIKE PHILOSOPHY AND AFRICAN COMMUNALISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL ASSESSMENT
items: MANY VOICES, ONE NIGERIA: A CRITIQUE OF NATIONALISM AND NATIONISM
items: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FISH PRODUCTION IN THE NIGER DELTA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIA’S ECONOMY
items: REMAKING AFRICA THROUGH THE INSTRUMENTALITY OF RELIGION: A FOCUS ON POVERTY REDUCTION
items: POCKET-PENIS SYNDROME: A NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION MODEL
items: EXPLORING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETATION: PATHWAYS THROUGH PROFESSIONALIZATION AND TRANSLATION
items: FARMERS-HERDERS CRISIS AND HUMANITARIAN CHALLENGES IN LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
items: MANAGEMENT OF INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: A STUDY OF NIGERIA, 2000-2019

SOCIO- PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON USERS OF ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
type: item
description: This study explores the socio-psychological impacts of societal influences on non-native speakers of English. It evaluates the role of societal pressures—including societal attitudes, anxiety, biases, and stereotypes—on language use and the psychological well-being of English users. The research focuses on the complex dynamics between societal pressures and individual experiences, shedding light on the challenges faced by second-language users in navigating linguistic and cultural expectations. The Social Identity Theory is adopted as the theoretical framework for analysis. A total of 30 participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique for data collection. Findings from the analysis show that the socio-psychological effects of societal influences on users of English as a second language are reflected in their attitudinal dispositions, including fear of making mistakes, negative self-perceptions of language ability, and apprehension about being judged or evaluated by others. The study recommends a deeper understanding of the intricate relationships between language, society, and the human psyche. It highlights the need to prioritize effective communication over grammatical perfection and to promote inclusive social cohesion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: language attitudes, identity, anxiety, societal influence, social cohesion
  topic: keywords
creator: Nweke, Lucy Chinwe, Ph.D & Obiageli Chritiana Okpala, Ph.D
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31

ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN UNITED STATES –NIGERIA RELATIONS; A DIPLOMATIC APPRAISAL
type: item
description: Diplomatic relations between the United States and Nigeria are extensive by regional standards, encompassing a U.S.–Nigeria Binational Commission and other bilateral engagements, significant commercial linkages, and strong people-to-people ties. However, U.S. concerns over human rights conditions in Nigeria have periodically strained relations and impeded security cooperation. Members of the United States Congress have expressed particular concern about military abuses against civilians, as well as deteriorating press and religious freedoms. The U.S. Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development allocated over $450 million in bilateral foreign assistance to Nigeria in FY2020, supporting programs focused on health, agricultural development, law enforcement, and the justice sector. This figure does not include substantial emergency assistance provided in response to the humanitarian crisis in northeastern Nigeria, nor funds administered by other U.S. federal departments, such as the Departments of Defense, Justice, Health and Human Services, and Homeland Security. In recent years, congressional attention on Nigeria has centered on terrorist threats, elections, governance issues, and, notably, concerns about religious violence. This paper, using a qualitative historical approach, examines the critical issues and emerging challenges in U.S.–Nigeria relations, as well as patterns of U.S. interventionism. It draws on relevant policy documents, diplomatic reports, and scholarly literature. The analysis is organized thematically in line with the adopted methodological approach.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Assistance, Diplomatic, Relations, Civilians, Government
  topic: keywords
creator: UZOHO IKECHUKWU PRINCEWIL, PHD
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27

MASQUERADE AND MASQUERADING IN IGBO LAND: A RETROSPECTION ON OMABU-THE NIGHT MASQUERADES AMONG THE TRADITIONAL OGHE SOCIETIES OF THE IGBOS OF NIGERIA
type: item
description: Masquerades are the spirits of the ancestors that manifest in masked forms to commune and interact with the living beings. Masquerade marks the return of the ancestors to the land of the living and the celebration of the lives of the deceased old men of the communities. Masquerading therefore involves all the activities that are associated with the preparation and presentation of the masquerades as well as the awakening and the re-awakening of the spirits of the departed young, matured, old men or the ancestors of a community and their transformations into masquerades. Masquerades are celebrated in many diverse cultural festivals, generally refers to as “masquerade feasts”. Masquerades are usually revered and feared by all in most culture particularly in Igbo Societies. Masquerade is an all-male affair that abhor female participations or involvement. It is a cultural thing that is not only seen all over Africa including Nigeria, but in many other places of the world like the South America, the Caribbean and some parts of Asia. In Africa and in Nigerian in particular, masquerades feature prominently among the Igbos of which Oghe people in Ezeagu Local Government Area of Enugu State is a major part of, and in which they are known for. This paper is therefore premised on the fact that so much have been written about masquerades by many Nigerian scholars in the disciplines of History, Sociology, Anthropology, Philosophy, Language and Igbo Studies, among which are those of Igbo descent of which again are those of Oghe’s extraction. In view of this, it is however, worthy of note that no single individual scholar of Oghe’s background has deemed it fit to write about Omabu- the night masquerade as a theme worthy of discussion. What we have seen so far were just the mere mentioning of it in papers and presentation passages that have to do with masquerades or other related topics on cultural issues. It is thus against this backdrop that this paper is borne to fill this intell…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Culture, Society, Language, Omabu-the Night Masquerade, Traditional Oghe People and Igbos of Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Chidiobi, Okechukwu Christian; Ibekwe, Juliet Chinenyenwa PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AS PREDICTORS OF ACADEMIC STRESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
type: item
description: This study examined emotional intelligence and perceived social support as predictors of academic stress among undergraduate students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. A total of 247 undergraduates were conveniently selected from five randomly chosen departments within the Faculty of Social Sciences. Participants’ ages ranged from 18 to 25 years (M = 21.75, SD = 1.83). The Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Academic Stress Scale were employed for data collection. A predictive research design was adopted, and data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The findings indicated that emotional intelligence was not a statistically significant predictor of academic stress (β = −.044, p = .496), although the relationship was negative. Similarly, perceived social support did not significantly predict academic stress (β = −.057, p = .375), though the direction of association was also negative. The study concludes that while emotional intelligence and social support demonstrated inverse relationships with academic stress, neither variable significantly predicted stress levels within the sampled population. It is recommended that universities implement structured psychological interventions, including counselling and emotional skills training programs, to assist students in managing academic stress more effectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: emotional intelligence, social support, academic stress, undergraduate students
  topic: keywords
creator: Anyaorah, Godson C., PhD; Okpala, M. O., PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-13
publication date: 2026-03-13

IMPACT OF FREE MATERNAL HEALTH POLICIES ON THE UTILIZATION OF SKILLED BIRTH SERVICES IN NIGERIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
type: item
description: Nigeria continues to face significant maternal health challenges, with maternal mortality ratios among the highest globally. In response, various state and federal governments have implemented free maternal health policies aimed at increasing the utilization of skilled birth services. This review integrates evidence from previous studies examining the impact of these policies through the lens of the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, which conceptualizes healthcare utilization as a function of predisposing, enabling, and need factors. The review reveals that while free maternal health policies have demonstrated positive impacts in some contexts particularly when combined with comprehensive health system strengthening their effects remain heterogeneous across Nigeria. Programs such as the Abiye initiative in Ondo State achieved substantial increases in facility-based deliveries (from 56.5% to 85.6%) and antenatal care coverage (reaching 98%), while other state-level programs showed mixed or limited impacts. Predisposing factors, including education, religion, and ethnicity, consistently predict service utilization, with higher education associated with greater uptake of skilled birth services. Enabling factors, particularly wealth, distance to facilities, and quality of care, remain critical barriers even when user fees are removed. The evidence underscores that cost removal alone is insufficient; persistent supply-side constraints, cultural barriers, transport challenges, and quality-of-care issues continue to limit access to skilled birth services. Future maternal health policies must adopt comprehensive approaches that address financial, geographical, cultural, and health system barriers simultaneously to achieve equitable improvements in maternal health outcomes across Nigeria's diverse contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health Policies, Nigeria, Skilled Birth Services
  topic: keywords
creator: Ngozi Chinenye Okeke, Ifeanyi Ikenna Ofonere, & Queeneth Ndidiamaka Okafor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-03-10
publication date: 2026-03-10

MANDARIN CHINESE EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
type: item
description: The emergence of China as a major global economic, political, and cultural power has generated increasing interest in Mandarin Chinese as a foreign language worldwide, including in Africa. In Nigeria, the study and teaching of Mandarin have transitioned from informal, commerce-driven interactions to formalized, institutionalized programs integrated into universities, secondary schools, and national education policy frameworks. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Mandarin Chinese education in Nigeria, exploring its historical evolution, current status, and prospective future developments. Drawing on academic literature, policy documents, and institutional reports, the study situates the expansion of Mandarin education within the broader context of Nigeria–China relations, international diplomacy, and China’s cultural and educational outreach through Confucius Institutes. The paper identifies key challenges, including shortages of qualified local instructors, infrastructure limitations, and uneven policy implementation, as well as debates over the role of foreign language promotion in relation to indigenous languages. It further highlights the opportunities presented by growing economic and diplomatic engagement with China, curricular inclusion at secondary and tertiary levels, and the potential for localized capacity building. The study concludes that the long-term sustainability and expansion of Mandarin Chinese education in Nigeria depend on strategic investment in teacher training, curriculum development, and institutional capacity, as well as a balanced approach to multilingual education that aligns global competencies with national linguistic priorities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mandarin Chinese, language education, Confucius Institutes, Nigeria–China relations, foreign language policy, multilingual education
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Ifeanyi Sunny Odinye
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-21
publication date: 2025-12-21

SIMILITUDES IN THE BIAFRAN AND AMBAZONIAN AGITATIONS, 1967–2022
type: item
description: Secessionist agitations have occurred in post-colonial Africa, often arising from the artificial boundaries imposed during the colonial era, which merged disparate ethnic groups into single political entities. Both Biafra (in Nigeria) and Ambazonia (in Cameroon) initiated unsuccessful bids for independence, driven by profound disillusionment among their indigenous populations. This disaffection was largely rooted in the pogroms experienced by Biafrans in northern Nigeria and the systematic political and socio-economic marginalisation of Ambazonians by the Cameroonian state. This study comparatively analyses these two movements, exploring their similarities, and examining how the responses of the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments have affected national integration efforts in both countries. Utilising data derived from secondary and tertiary materials, supplemented by the researcher's observations, the study reveals several key findings. In both cases, secessionist agitations were fundamentally linked to sustained political and economic marginalisation. A notable shared post-conflict strategy has been the adoption of "sit-at-home" protests as a major form of civil disobedience. Furthermore, the contiguous territories of both movements suffered extensive human and infrastructural losses as epicenters of their respective conflicts and share common ethnic groups across the Nigeria-Cameroon border. The study recommends that the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments should strengthen bilateral cooperation to manage separatist activities, implement more inclusive and participatory governance policies, and as a last resort, consider organising a referendum for these marginalised groups in question.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biafra, Ambazonia, Agitations, Similarities, Marginalisation
  topic: keywords
creator: Joseph Okechukwu Nwoke
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12

IMPACT OF URBAN GROWTH IN NEW OWERRI IMO STATE ON HOST COMMUNITIES, 1976-2020
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of urban growth in New Owerri, Imo State, on host communities between 1976 and 2020, with a view to highlighting its effects and implications on the host communities. It analyzes government implementation of rural land-use policies, as well as the problems and prospects these policies present for the communities. The study emphasizes the commonalities, peculiarities, and contributions of the host communities to the development of New Owerri. The study recognizes that three (3) communities host the “twin city” of Owerri, officially referred to as New Owerri, with emphasis on the area and size of land mass each community contributed to the development of the twin city. The research method adopts a historical narrative approach, thematically and analytically structured, using qualitative methods for collecting and interpreting available data. Both primary and secondary sources were utilized, including oral interviews, journals, and books relevant to the study. The findings reveal that the urban built environment in the area has more than doubled over the 44-year period (1976–2020). Urban expansion occurred largely at the expense of vegetation, fallow lands, open spaces, and, to some extent, wetlands. The study further shows that the host communities have been impacted positively, negatively, or both. It concludes by recommending that principles of planning standards, land control, and land suitability should be strictly adhered to in the development process of New Owerri for the benefit of the host communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: New Owerri; Urban Growth; Host Communities; Land Use; Imo State Government
  topic: keywords
creator: Augustine Uche Igwe; Edward Dabere Opara
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-12
publication date: 2025-12-12

PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MARRIED PERSONS IN AWKA METROPOLIS, ANAMBRA STATE
type: item
description: This study examined Personality Traits as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction among Married Persons in Awka Metropolis, Anambra State. A total of three hundred (300) participants were sampled for the study. The participants consisted of married persons residing in Awka Metropolis and were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Their ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, with a mean age of 37.5 and a standard deviation of 0.214. Two instruments were used for the study, namely the Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS) developed by Hudson (1982) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) developed by Gosling et al. (2003). The study adopted a survey research design with a cross-sectional approach, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Five hypotheses were postulated. The first hypothesis, which stated that openness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = −0.006, p > .05). The second hypothesis, which stated that conscientiousness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was accepted (B = −0.025, p < .05). The third hypothesis, which stated that extraversion would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = 0.012, p > .05). The fourth hypothesis, which stated that agreeableness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = −0.016, p > .05). The fifth hypothesis, which stated that neuroticism would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was also rejected (B = −0.017, p > .05). Based on the findings of this study, the researchers recommend that clinical psychologists, marriage counsellors, and therapists should emphasize how personality traits—particularly conscientiousness—influence behavioural dynamics in marital satisfaction among married persons. The study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction. This understanding may assist couples, counsellors, clinical psychologists, psychoth…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Personality Traits, Married Persons, Marital Satisfaction, Awka Metropolis
  topic: keywords
creator: Umeaku, N. N., PhD; Onyemaechi, C.I., PhD & Okpaleke, V. U., PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2026
date: 2026-01-11
publication date: 2026-01-11

CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE BY THE POLICE FOR CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: This paper examines the challenges facing the police in the use of forensic science in crime prevention and control in Nigeria. The problem of unabated criminal behaviour has been worrisome for the safety of lives and property in the country. Constitutionally, the police have the responsibility of maintaining law and order, fighting crime, protecting lives and property, and employing forensic science in criminal investigations; yet, the crime rate continues to escalate daily. The paper discusses the types and significance of forensic evidence, as well as the challenges of criminal justice in forensic investigations. The objective of this study is to ascertain the challenges confronting the utilization of forensic science by the police within Nigeria’s criminal justice system and to explore ways of employing it to curtail the high rate of crime in the country. The theoretical framework of this discourse is the Deterrence Theory of Crime Prevention. This paper relies on secondary sources such as national and international journals, books, and related materials. The study reveals that the challenges facing the police include the poor standard of legal education in Nigeria, as well as inadequate forensic skills and equipment, which negatively affect forensic investigations and the operational capacity of the police and other security agencies. There is no doubt that the use of forensic science in criminal investigation and the justice system provides valuable information that cannot be obtained through other conventional methods of investigation. It also assists in determining the innocence or guilt of suspects amidst complex criminal circumstances. This paper recommends that forensic investigators acquire adequate training and skills to enhance their professional competence, identify suspects more effectively, and reduce the incidence of violent crimes and murder in Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: challenges, crime prevention, crime control, forensic science, police
  topic: keywords
creator: Gladys Amaechi Ohazulike
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-07
publication date: 2025-12-07

JUBILEE YEAR OF HOPE: CATHOLIC WOMEN OF AWKA DIOCESE LIVING OUT THE FAITH
type: item
description: All baptized Christians are called to live out their faith in their various vocations in life. Undoubtedly, the content of the faith remains unchangeable, but the ways of living it out vary according to the different contexts of life. Such a duty demands constant witnessing to the faith in season and out of season. This call becomes even more pertinent in this Jubilee Year of Hope as proclaimed by Pope Francis. It is a time for inward reflection, but more especially a time of God’s favour. The realization of that favour depends on how firmly faith is anchored in hope and manifested in charity. These three theological virtues stand as a tripod in which each leg is as important as the other in providing support. Thus, the virtues intermingle in their operation, and none functions in isolation. However, evidence often abounds of Catholic women breeding divisive tendencies that do untold disservice to what Catholic Women Organization stands for. Furthermore, there are obvious challenges confronting Catholic women in Awka Diocese in their efforts to bear eloquent testimony to the faith. Consequently, there is a need for proper investigation into these challenges in order to chart a new beginning founded on the hope of a better future. Using a qualitative method, the researcher consulted relevant literature to identify the fundamental elements of a Jubilee Year. This provided a basis for examining how Catholic women live out their faith in the everydayness of their lives, notwithstanding the challenges they face.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Jubilee Year, Faith, Hope, Catholic women, Awka Diocese
  topic: keywords
creator: Evaristus Ifeanacho, PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10

IMPACT OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU), 1963-2002
type: item
description: This paper examines how external forces shaped the development, performance, and eventual transformation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) from 1963 to 2002. It explores the impact of Cold War rivalry, foreign economic pressures, international institutions, and global political expectations on the OAU’s diplomatic choices and structural limitations. The study argues that although the OAU was established to protect African sovereignty and unity, it nevertheless operated in ways that reflected the influence of global power rivalries, donor conditions, and shifting international norms. By analyzing themes such as Cold War alignments, economic dependence, regional conflicts, non-alignment, and the transition to the African Union (AU), the study highlights the tension between Africa’s pursuit of collective autonomy and the external constraints that shaped continental politics. It concludes that these external pressures contributed to both the weaknesses of the OAU and the drive for institutional renewal that produced the AU in 2002.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: OAU, African Union, Cold War, External Influence, Pan-Africanism, Non-alignment, Development Policy, Africa
  topic: keywords
creator: Idara C. Aniefiok-Ezemonye (PhD) & Valentine Ojonuba Ikechi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-12-10
publication date: 2025-12-10

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE COMMODIFICATION OF AFRICAN ARTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
type: item
description: This study examines the complex relationship between globalisation and the commodification of African arts, providing a critical analysis of its impact on African cultures, artists, and art forms. Globalisation has transformed the ways in which African art is perceived, produced, and consumed worldwide, raising questions about cultural ownership, authenticity, and value. The paper finds that globalisation has led to the commodification of African art, prioritising profit over cultural significance. It argues that African artists often face exploitation in the global art market, with limited control over their work and its value. A historical method is adopted for the study. Secondary sources on the subject are utilised and analysed qualitatively through discursive and narrative approaches. The article further argues that globalisation threatens the diversity of African art forms, leading to cultural homogenisation. The study highlights the experiences of African artists navigating the global art world, revealing challenges such as exploitation and the loss of traditional art forms. The research concludes that a nuanced understanding of the impact of globalisation on African arts is essential for promoting cultural diversity, preserving traditional art forms, and supporting African artists in the global art market. It recommends a critical approach to globalisation—one that balances economic opportunities with cultural sensitivity and preservation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Impact, Globalisation, Commodification, African Arts, Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: James C. Chukwu & Roseline Nzube Igwilo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-21
publication date: 2025-11-21

THE MORALITY OF REFUGEE INTEGRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WESTERN CULTURE
type: item
description: The morality of refugee integration has become a profound ethical and cultural question in contemporary Europe. The unprecedented influx of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa over the past decade has challenged the foundations of Western moral and cultural identity. Western civilisation has been shaped by Christian ethics, which emphasise compassion, hospitality, and the sanctity of human life. These moral imperatives have historically guided Europe’s humanitarian responses to global displacement crises. However, the growing openness of European borders, motivated by both moral conviction and political obligation, has generated significant cultural and religious consequences. This study examines the moral principles underpinning refugee integration within the context of Europe’s Christian heritage, exploring whether the moral ideal of universal compassion conflicts with the preservation of Western cultural and religious values. It analyses the ethical frameworks that justify refugee acceptance including the Christian duty of love (agape) and the secular humanitarian ideal of human rights while also interrogating the moral dilemmas that arise when integration leads to cultural tension, Islamisation, and social instability. The research employs ethical theory to evaluate how Europe’s moral posture, originally rooted in Christian humanitarianism, is being tested by the psychological, religious, and cultural transformations that accompany refugee resettlement. It argues that the West now faces a moral crossroads: whether to uphold an inclusive universalist ethic that transcends boundaries or to reaffirm a contextual moral order grounded in its Christian cultural legacy. The study concludes that sustainable integration must balance compassion with prudence, preserving both moral integrity and cultural identity in an increasingly pluralistic Europe.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Morality, Refugee, Integration, Effect, Western Culture
  topic: keywords
creator: Abalogu, Divine Maduka PhD; Ezumezu, Tochukwu C.V
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-20
publication date: 2025-11-20

UNITY IN DIVERSITY: THE IMPERATIVE OF DEPOLITICIZING INDIGENEITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN NIGERIA
type: item
description: This study examined the politicisation of indigeneity and citizenship in Nigeria with the aim of understanding how these concepts have been used and misused in political, social, and administrative contexts, and how such practices have affected national unity. The objectives of the study were to explore the relationship between indigeneity and citizenship, assess the political uses and misuses of indigeneity through selected case studies, evaluate the consequences of politicised indigeneity on national integration, and propose legal, constitutional, and social reforms for its depoliticisation. The study adopted a qualitative analytical method, relying on secondary sources such as journal articles, policy papers, legal documents, and reports from reputable institutions. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis to identify patterns and implications of indigeneity in Nigeria’s political structure. Findings revealed that indigeneity, though originally intended to preserve cultural identity, has been manipulated to create exclusionary boundaries, foster discrimination, and hinder national cohesion. Furthermore, the study established that the politicisation of indigeneity undermines citizenship rights, fuels interethnic distrust, and weakens the legitimacy of the state. It concluded that comprehensive constitutional, legal, and social reforms are crucial for promoting inclusive citizenship and building a truly united Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indigeneity, Citizenship, National Unity, Depoliticisation, Constitutional Reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Chukwu, Hamuel Oti & Chidi E. Osuagwu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-09
publication date: 2025-11-09

CRITICAL THINKING AS A CORE AIM OF EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGERIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
type: item
description: The growing recognition of critical thinking as an essential skill for navigating complex contemporary challenges has prompted educational systems worldwide to reconsider their pedagogical priorities and learning outcomes. This paper explores critical thinking as a core aim of education through philosophical analysis, examining its theoretical foundations and practical implications for educational practice. It utilizes philosophical inquiry to analyze the conceptual nature of critical thinking, tracing its intellectual heritage from ancient Socratic methods through Enlightenment rationality to contemporary educational philosophy. Based on relevant findings from philosophical literature, this study discusses how critical thinking facilitates intellectual development, moral reasoning, democratic citizenship, and effective problem-solving, and the impact this has on both individual learners and society. The paper examines the Nigerian educational context, analyzing current challenges including curriculum emphasis on memorization, teacher preparation inadequacies, examination-driven learning approaches, and socio-political factors that influence educational practice. Additionally, the paper addresses the philosophical challenges between promoting critical inquiry and maintaining respect for cultural values and established authority. It concludes by asserting that critical thinking, properly understood and implemented, can serve as a transformative educational goal that prepares students to be intellectually independent and socially responsible citizens while respecting cultural foundations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: critical thinking, philosophy, educational reform, Nigerian education, Socratic questioning, curriculum reform, teacher education, rote learning
  topic: keywords
creator: George Chizoba Okpara; Ezeanolue Aloysius Okwuchukwu (PhD & Egbebu Francis Ugochukwu (PhD))
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-08
publication date: 2025-10-08

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AS INSTRUMENTS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA, 1976-1991
type: item
description: The plight of the rural dwellers and living conditions in the rural areas were issues of concern to governments of developing countries. Several strategies were adopted to address the challenges these conditions posed. Of significant importance in this regard were government agencies. With respect to Nigeria, these agencies were the River Basin Development Authority, (RBDA), The Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI). This paper seeks to demonstrate the suitability of these agencies as instruments of rural development, with a focus on Anambra State, during the period, 1976-1991. The consideration for this paper derives from the fact that temporal and spatial perspectives provide the accurate lenses through which the rural development agencies can be studied. This paper adopts a historical analysis of data, based on the mixed-method approach. Data derived from primary and secondary sources are presented thematically. It does not rely on theoretical constructs, but critically engages the available data to substantiate the kernel of its arguments. From the evidence available, the paper contends that while the RBDA and ADP projects were skewed towards agricultural transformation, those of the DFRRI was more holistic in approach. However, the projects executed by the agencies proved not to be sustainable.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ikenna Odife Ph.D
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-20
publication date: 2025-08-20

CULTURAL FESTIVALS IN AWKA, 1970-2021: A CASE STUDY OF THE IMOKA FESTIVAL
type: item
description: Festivals are special occasions with specific purposes tied to various aspects of community life. They offer people an opportunity to rest from strenuous activities and to enjoy leisure time while participating in cultural entertainment. Imoka, one of the major festivals in Awka, has long served as a platform for sustaining cultural identity and uniformity among the Awka people and their neighbors. The Imoka Festival promotes cultural unity and serves as a vital medium for strengthening community bonds in Awka. This paper seeks to examine the origin of the Imoka Festival, address the problem of insecurity often associated with its celebration, and suggest ways to regenerate interest in the festival among the people of Awka. It also aims to showcase the town’s diverse cultural heritage and resources. The paper recommends that Awka festivals, particularly the Imoka Festival, should be preserved, developed, and promoted as tourist attractions. There should be increased youth enlightenment on the historical significance and cultural relevance of the festival. In addition, efforts should be made to create employment opportunities for the youth through the development of tourist centers and the preservation of Awka's cultural heritage. The methodology for this study includes both primary sources such as oral interviews and discussions and secondary sources, including published articles and books.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Edith Ifesinachuckwu & Prof. Ifeyinwa Emejulu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02

CHINESE WARS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: INSIGHTS FOR NIGERIA
type: item
description: The work throws light on a few of China's wars and conflict in the twentieth century, ranging from internal civil war between the Chinese communists party and the nationalist government, to conflicts that resulted from the annexation of Tibet, the Vietnamese and Korean Wars. Employing the Realist school of thought this works analyses the China's rational in employing the instrument of war in the pursuit of its foreign policy and national interest in the twentieth century. These Wars embarked by China had some implications on China. What were the implications and what are the lessons for Nigeria to learn from China's war operation strategy in the twentieth century; these are the questions that would be answered by this work.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Daniel Chukwuma Nzereogu, PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-11
publication date: 2025-08-11

COGNITIVE INSULATION THERAPY: A NOVEL PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION APPROACH
type: item
description: Psychological disorders such as Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and others need effective, efficient and result-oriented psychotherapeutic intervention. Cognitive Insulation Therapy (CIT) is a cognitive psychotherapeutic approach developed for managing and treating ED as well as several other disorders; CIT through its principles, chronological steps, sequence of application and delivery ensures the expected interventional outcomes. Its Cognitive Displacement, Cognitive Insertion, and Cognitive Stabilisation procedures arm every therapist and counsellor with the necessary treatment protocols to achieve the required psychoemobehavioural outcomes (PEBO).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Umeaku, Ndubuisi N. (Ph.D)
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-09
publication date: 2025-08-09

REVIVING INDIGENOUS WISDOM: THE INFLUENCE OF IGBO CONFLICT RESOLUTION ON CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL DIPLOMACY
type: item
description: Modern diplomacy and international peacebuilding often rely on Western-centric frameworks that may overlook indigenous perspectives. This article explores the overlooked potential of Igbo traditional conflict resolution mechanisms in contributing to the evolution of more inclusive and sustainable global peace strategies. The study is motivated by the problem of cultural disconnect in existing peacebuilding approaches, which frequently neglect indigenous systems rooted in communal values and participatory justice. The objective of this research is to examine how Igbo conflict resolution practices—anchored in oral traditions, consensus building, and communal accountability—can complement and enhance modern diplomatic efforts. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study draws from oral histories, cultural narratives, and secondary literature to analyze these indigenous mechanisms. It is guided by a post-colonial and communitarian theoretical framework, which foregrounds the importance of cultural context and collective responsibility in conflict resolution. The findings reveal that Igbo practices offer flexible, inclusive, and community-centered approaches that contrast with the rigidity of formal diplomatic systems. These methods emphasize reconciliation, restitution, and long-term harmony, making them highly relevant for contemporary peacebuilding challenges. The study concludes that integrating such traditional approaches into formal frameworks can improve the legitimacy, effectiveness, and sustainability of peace efforts globally. It recommends that policymakers, international organizations, and peace practitioners consider adopting and adapting indigenous conflict resolution methods—like those of the Igbo people—within global peace processes, thus fostering a more culturally attuned and enduring pathway to global harmony.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ifeanyi Ugochukwu Sanctus & Nwaneri Justin Chukwuma Ph.D
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-01
publication date: 2025-08-01

“NATIONALIZATION OF RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE, 1980-2008”
type: item
description: The nationalization of resources in post-colonial Africa has been a contentious policy approach, particularly in countries like Zimbabwe, where control over natural resources was viewed as a pathway to economic sovereignty and development. In the decades following independence, Zimbabwe implemented policies aimed at redistributing land and resources to the majority population, driven by the need to address inequalities inherited from the colonial era. However, the outcomes of these policies have been mixed, sparking significant debates regarding their impact on economic growth, investment and poverty reduction. This paper adopts historical research methodology relying primarily on secondary sources to examine Zimbabwe’s experience with the nationalization of resources with a focus on land reform and the mining sector. It assesses whether these policies have facilitated sustainable development or exacerbated economic challenges. This paper concludes that, although nationalization policies were intended to equitable wealth distribution and economic growth, their flawed implementation- the fast track land reform resulted to international sanctions and withdrawal of foreign aid. These consequences have had a detrimental impact on the country’s economy. The paper offered recommendations aimed at aligning resource governance with long-term economic growth and social equity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Kelechi Collins Okoro PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27

THE IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON IGWEBUIKE PHILOSOPHY AND AFRICAN COMMUNALISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL ASSESSMENT
type: item
description: Nowadays, no one hears of the ravages of Corona virus, or crown virus in Africa but one still hears during winter that a strand of the virus is still alive and still cause ill heath in some part of Europe and America. This pandemic, Corona virus, known with the code, COVID 19 spread like a wild fire; in 2019, 2020, and 2021 and its impacts on so many sectors of African life were enormous. Many sectors of the worlds’ economy went into lockdown, likewise so many nations or countries in Africa. And with the introduction of COVID 19 sanitary rules or precautionary measures that were aimed at defeating the virus, like social distancing, staying at home, staying alone to stay safe, one instantly saw a serious problem or challenge and an attack to the foundation of African communitarian life and practice or communalism, also to Igwebuike Philosophy which is within African Communalism. African communalism as an African way is community oriented life it’s never individualistic. Using Philosophical analysis, as the methodology, exposition of COVID 19, African Communalism and Igwebuike philosophy is made, and the most dreadful effect of the pandemic is portrayed, and then, this noble life of African man is x-rayed too, so as to see its benefits to Africans of nowadays. Seeing the challenges posed by the Crown virus, the researcher portrays African Ethics of care as the way forward and this African Ethics of care is rooted firmly on African communalistic principles of living and on Igwebuike philosophy. Not only that the most vulnerable must be catered or cared for, however, African communalism is still in voyage with its solidarity palliatives and assistance from the governments, groups, and well to do Africans. It must reach to the less privileged ones and even to middle class among the privileged ones so as to gain enormous strength to defeat the pandemic together.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: IGNATIUS C. UZONDU Ph.D
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-27
publication date: 2025-07-27

MANY VOICES, ONE NIGERIA: A CRITIQUE OF NATIONALISM AND NATIONISM
type: item
description: It is an undisputable fact that language is an indispensable tool for national development, stability and unity, Language is viewed as the pivot around which all human activities revolve, Such activities as cultural and traditional expressions leading to inculcation of ideologies, establishing interaction amongst people, dissemination of information, advancing education, commerce and industries are the major roles language plays in human and national development. Language is the tool for the integration of diversified cultures, However, with the current ugly trend of events in the political space in Nigeria where inter-group relationship is characterized by rivalry Instead of healthy competition and inclusiveness, dominance instead of cooperation, exploitation instead of collaboration, centralization and dictatorship instead of decentralization and democracy, the problem remains whether one can comfortably say "many voices one Nigeria," With this in mind, this paper attempts a critique of the notions of "Nationalism" and "Nationism" in Nigeria and concludes that the bane of national development in Nigeria is the dominance of nationism.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: BASIL AMARACHI OKONKWO
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-12
publication date: 2025-07-12

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FISH PRODUCTION IN THE NIGER DELTA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIA’S ECONOMY
type: item
description: Nigeria is richly endowed with natural resources, including substantial water bodies that present vast economic opportunities. Among these is the Niger Delta region, whose coastal and inland waterways hold significant potential for fisheries development. Despite fish being one of the most widely consumed protein sources in Nigeria, a large portion of the nation's fish supply is imported. This occurs even though the Niger Delta has the capacity to meet domestic demand through local production. This paper aims to explore the potential of fish production in the Niger Delta as a driver of economic growth and a contributor to Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It also examines the major constraints facing the fisheries sector in the region—ranging from environmental degradation to infrastructural and policy-related challenges—and proposes actionable solutions for sustainable development of the industry.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Daniel Chukwuma Nzereogu, PhD
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02

REMAKING AFRICA THROUGH THE INSTRUMENTALITY OF RELIGION: A FOCUS ON POVERTY REDUCTION
type: item
description: During the precolonial period, dating back to early nineteenth century, when Africa had established empires, kingdoms and states, there was both poverty and affluence. The poverty of that time, however took a different form. In general, traditional Africa was fairly governed by traditional, mores, customs and laws that regulated the economy of the people and the nation- states in precolonial indigenous societies. African beliefs and indigenous system had real and symbolic meaning and granted protection to African children, women and the poor. Reinvigorating these practices and traditions was an important aspect of long-term poverty reduction in Africa and the Africans in diaspora. However, in the colonial period some of these traditions lost their power as colonial rule and laws were introduced. Africans began to lose their sense of religio- cultural identity as a new group of elites emerged to replace the traditional rulers and to collaborate with the colonial powers. Despite its natural resources and riches, Africa is now known to the world as a poor continent. Though materially poor, Africa is spiritually wealthy. It is a continent where African traditional religion, Christianity and Islam are well established. The data for this research was collected through primary and secondary sources, and interpreted through descriptive method. This focuses on religion and poverty. There is a strong link between religion and poverty. There are two major forms of poverty, the structural and spiritual. Structural or material poverty is what Africans are faced with today. Poverty is described in its severe sense as food shortage, malnutrition, inadequate housing, disease and illiteracy etc. The findings of this research, is that poverty is as old as Africa, the church and government had fought and is still fighting poverty. This research recommends that the church, government, NGOs and other international bodies should join forces to fight poverty in Africa.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rev Edwin Otubo Nwanchor (PhD) & Kalu Ndukwe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01

POCKET-PENIS SYNDROME: A NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION MODEL
type: item
description: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition among men. In many married men, it is attributed to a condition known as Pocket-Penis Syndrome. The Pocket-Penis Model explains the psychobiophysical interactions that contribute to ED, particularly when triggered by the physical (environmental) component of the psychobiophysical triad—comprising physical, biological, and psychological factors. The model postulates that negative interactions among these components are responsible for ED in married men. It also outlines the underlying principles of ED and provides a psychological intervention framework that includes both assessment and treatment protocols for affected individuals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Umeaku, Ndubuisi N. (Ph.D)
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01

EXPLORING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETATION: PATHWAYS THROUGH PROFESSIONALIZATION AND TRANSLATION
type: item
description: The global demand for Sign Language Interpreters (SLIs) is on the rise, catalyzed by a heightened focus on inclusivity across sectors such as education, healthcare, and legal services. This study delves into the expanding career opportunities within sign language interpretation, emphasizing pathways toward professionalization and the role of continuous skill development. We explore the evolving responsibilities of SLIs and the critical skills necessary for success across various settings. A descriptive survey design was employed, using structured questionnaires to gather quantitative data about sign language interpreters from deaf students. The survey explored the SLI’s experiences, sector-specific demands, and perceived barriers in the educational sector. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to identify trends and highlight gaps in professional development and policy support. This paper highlights the growing need for formalized training programs and the establishment of standardized certification processes to ensure equitable service quality and access for the deaf and hard-of-hearing communities. The study underscores the importance of on-the-job training, sector-specific continuous professional development, and policy reform as foundational elements for enhancing SLIs' proficiency and career readiness. Technological advancements, such as remote interpreting and accessibility tools, are also emphasized as transformative components in SLI practice, enabling interpreters to navigate new communication challenges and increase accessibility in virtual environments. The research reveals that targeted professional development programs, with a focus on sector-specific terminology, ethics, and technological literacy, are critical for effective interpretation. This paper concludes with recommendations for improving SLI career trajectories, emphasizing structured training, certification, and educational initiatives to establish SLIs as vital professionals in fost…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Jah-Amaka Progress Enwedo; Trust Effiong Idiong & Kene Lucile Emenike
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01

FARMERS-HERDERS CRISIS AND HUMANITARIAN CHALLENGES IN LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
type: item
description: The persistent conflicts between farmers and herders in Nigeria, particularly in the North Central region, have led to significant humanitarian challenges. Using both primary and secondary data carefully selected and analyzed by the author, the study examines the specific manifestations of this crisis and its humanitarian consequences in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. It analyzes the historical context, drivers, and dynamics of the conflict, highlighting its impact on displacement, food security, health, and social cohesion within Lafia's urban setting. The paper argues that the conflict led to an influx of displaced populations into Lafia and has created a complex humanitarian emergency that requires urgent attention and multi-faceted interventions. The paper, therefore, suggests that the federal, state, and international community should increase funding for the humanitarian response in Lafia, improve coordination among actors, build capacity, address protection gaps, promote durable solutions for internally displaced persons (IDPs), strengthen security and rule of law, and address the root causes of the conflict through sustainable policies and conflict resolution mechanisms. These measures will ensure adequate assistance, support the return and reintegration of IDPs, facilitate local integration, and explore resettlement options in other parts of Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Princely Agu Agidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01

MANAGEMENT OF INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: A STUDY OF NIGERIA, 2000-2019
type: item
description: This paper examines the management of inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria between 2000 and 2023, with a focus on root causes and governmental responses. The objective is to analyze how historical grievances, economic disparities, and political marginalization contribute to persistent inter-ethnic tensions and to evaluate the effectiveness of various conflict management strategies employed by the Nigerian government. Utilizing a qualitative methodology based on secondary sources—including published books, journal articles, and newspaper reports—the study finds that colonial legacies, cultural and religious differences, and competition for resources are primary drivers of inter-ethnic conflict. Key findings indicate that while military interventions and policy reforms have achieved limited success in curbing immediate violence, initiatives such as the Niger Delta Amnesty Program and the Plateau Peace Building Agency show promise in promoting long-term peace through economic development and sustained dialogue. However, the study highlights the need for more proactive and comprehensive approaches to address the structural and systemic causes of inter-ethnic conflict in Nigeria.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Chukwu, Hamuel Oti & Amarachi Obidiaju
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01