JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
The Journal of Psychology, Sociology, History, and International Studies is a peer-reviewed publication dedicated to exploring the intricate relationships between psychological, social, historical, and international factors that shape human behavior, societies, and global interactions. This journal provides a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share innovative research, critical analyses, and insightful perspectives on the most pressing issues of our time. We publish original articles, reviews, and essays that examine the intersections of psychology, sociology, history, and international studies, and their implications for policy, practice, and social change.
SIMILITUDES IN THE BIAFRAN AND AMBAZONIAN AGITATIONS, 1967–2022
Secessionist agitations have occurred in post-colonial Africa, often arising from the artificial boundaries imposed during the colonial era, which merged disparate ethnic groups into single political entities. Both Biafra (in Nigeria) and Ambazonia (in Cameroon) initiated unsuccessful bids for independence, driven by profound disillusionment among their indigenous populations. This disaffection was largely rooted in the pogroms experienced by Biafrans in northern Nigeria and the systematic political and socio-economic marginalisation of Ambazonians by the Cameroonian state. This study comparatively analyses these two movements, exploring their similarities, and examining how the responses of the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments have affected national integration efforts in both countries. Utilising data derived from secondary and tertiary materials, supplemented by the researcher's observations, the study reveals several key findings. In both cases, secessionist agitations were fundamentally linked to sustained political and economic marginalisation. A notable shared post-conflict strategy has been the adoption of "sit-at-home" protests as a major form of civil disobedience. Furthermore, the contiguous territories of both movements suffered extensive human and infrastructural losses as epicenters of their respective conflicts and share common ethnic groups across the Nigeria-Cameroon border. The study recommends that the Nigerian and Cameroonian governments should strengthen bilateral cooperation to manage separatist activities, implement more inclusive and participatory governance policies, and as a last resort, consider organising a referendum for these marginalised groups in question.
Biafra, Ambazonia, Agitations, Similarities, Marginalisation
IMPACT OF URBAN GROWTH IN NEW OWERRI IMO STATE ON HOST COMMUNITIES, 1976-2020
This study examines the impact of urban growth in New Owerri, Imo State, on host communities between 1976 and 2020, with a view to highlighting its effects and implications on the host communities. It analyzes government implementation of rural land-use policies, as well as the problems and prospects these policies present for the communities. The study emphasizes the commonalities, peculiarities, and contributions of the host communities to the development of New Owerri. The study recognizes that three (3) communities host the “twin city” of Owerri, officially referred to as New Owerri, with emphasis on the area and size of land mass each community contributed to the development of the twin city. The research method adopts a historical narrative approach, thematically and analytically structured, using qualitative methods for collecting and interpreting available data. Both primary and secondary sources were utilized, including oral interviews, journals, and books relevant to the study. The findings reveal that the urban built environment in the area has more than doubled over the 44-year period (1976–2020). Urban expansion occurred largely at the expense of vegetation, fallow lands, open spaces, and, to some extent, wetlands. The study further shows that the host communities have been impacted positively, negatively, or both. It concludes by recommending that principles of planning standards, land control, and land suitability should be strictly adhered to in the development process of New Owerri for the benefit of the host communities.
New Owerri; Urban Growth; Host Communities; Land Use; Imo State Government
Augustine Uche Igwe; Edward Dabere Opara
PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MARRIED PERSONS IN AWKA METROPOLIS, ANAMBRA STATE
This study examined Personality Traits as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction among Married Persons in Awka Metropolis, Anambra State. A total of three hundred (300) participants were sampled for the study. The participants consisted of married persons residing in Awka Metropolis and were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Their ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, with a mean age of 37.5 and a standard deviation of 0.214. Two instruments were used for the study, namely the Index of Marital Satisfaction (IMS) developed by Hudson (1982) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) developed by Gosling et al. (2003). The study adopted a survey research design with a cross-sectional approach, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Five hypotheses were postulated. The first hypothesis, which stated that openness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = −0.006, p > .05). The second hypothesis, which stated that conscientiousness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was accepted (B = −0.025, p < .05). The third hypothesis, which stated that extraversion would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = 0.012, p > .05). The fourth hypothesis, which stated that agreeableness would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was rejected (B = −0.016, p > .05). The fifth hypothesis, which stated that neuroticism would significantly predict marital satisfaction, was also rejected (B = −0.017, p > .05). Based on the findings of this study, the researchers recommend that clinical psychologists, marriage counsellors, and therapists should emphasize how personality traits—particularly conscientiousness—influence behavioural dynamics in marital satisfaction among married persons. The study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction. This understanding may assist couples, counsellors, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, and other mental health professionals in addressing marital dynamics to achieve optimal marital satisfaction outcomes.
Personality Traits, Married Persons, Marital Satisfaction, Awka Metropolis
Umeaku, N. N., PhD; Onyemaechi, C.I., PhD & Okpaleke, V. U., PhD
CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE BY THE POLICE FOR CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN NIGERIA
This paper examines the challenges facing the police in the use of forensic science in crime prevention and control in Nigeria. The problem of unabated criminal behaviour has been worrisome for the safety of lives and property in the country. Constitutionally, the police have the responsibility of maintaining law and order, fighting crime, protecting lives and property, and employing forensic science in criminal investigations; yet, the crime rate continues to escalate daily. The paper discusses the types and significance of forensic evidence, as well as the challenges of criminal justice in forensic investigations. The objective of this study is to ascertain the challenges confronting the utilization of forensic science by the police within Nigeria’s criminal justice system and to explore ways of employing it to curtail the high rate of crime in the country. The theoretical framework of this discourse is the Deterrence Theory of Crime Prevention. This paper relies on secondary sources such as national and international journals, books, and related materials. The study reveals that the challenges facing the police include the poor standard of legal education in Nigeria, as well as inadequate forensic skills and equipment, which negatively affect forensic investigations and the operational capacity of the police and other security agencies. There is no doubt that the use of forensic science in criminal investigation and the justice system provides valuable information that cannot be obtained through other conventional methods of investigation. It also assists in determining the innocence or guilt of suspects amidst complex criminal circumstances. This paper recommends that forensic investigators acquire adequate training and skills to enhance their professional competence, identify suspects more effectively, and reduce the incidence of violent crimes and murder in Nigeria.
challenges, crime prevention, crime control, forensic science, police
JUBILEE YEAR OF HOPE: CATHOLIC WOMEN OF AWKA DIOCESE LIVING OUT THE FAITH
All baptized Christians are called to live out their faith in their various vocations in life. Undoubtedly, the content of the faith remains unchangeable, but the ways of living it out vary according to the different contexts of life. Such a duty demands constant witnessing to the faith in season and out of season. This call becomes even more pertinent in this Jubilee Year of Hope as proclaimed by Pope Francis. It is a time for inward reflection, but more especially a time of God’s favour. The realization of that favour depends on how firmly faith is anchored in hope and manifested in charity. These three theological virtues stand as a tripod in which each leg is as important as the other in providing support. Thus, the virtues intermingle in their operation, and none functions in isolation. However, evidence often abounds of Catholic women breeding divisive tendencies that do untold disservice to what Catholic Women Organization stands for. Furthermore, there are obvious challenges confronting Catholic women in Awka Diocese in their efforts to bear eloquent testimony to the faith. Consequently, there is a need for proper investigation into these challenges in order to chart a new beginning founded on the hope of a better future. Using a qualitative method, the researcher consulted relevant literature to identify the fundamental elements of a Jubilee Year. This provided a basis for examining how Catholic women live out their faith in the everydayness of their lives, notwithstanding the challenges they face.
Jubilee Year, Faith, Hope, Catholic women, Awka Diocese
IMPACT OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU), 1963-2002
This paper examines how external forces shaped the development, performance, and eventual transformation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) from 1963 to 2002. It explores the impact of Cold War rivalry, foreign economic pressures, international institutions, and global political expectations on the OAU’s diplomatic choices and structural limitations. The study argues that although the OAU was established to protect African sovereignty and unity, it nevertheless operated in ways that reflected the influence of global power rivalries, donor conditions, and shifting international norms. By analyzing themes such as Cold War alignments, economic dependence, regional conflicts, non-alignment, and the transition to the African Union (AU), the study highlights the tension between Africa’s pursuit of collective autonomy and the external constraints that shaped continental politics. It concludes that these external pressures contributed to both the weaknesses of the OAU and the drive for institutional renewal that produced the AU in 2002.
OAU, African Union, Cold War, External Influence, Pan-Africanism, Non-alignment, Development Policy, Africa
Idara C. Aniefiok-Ezemonye (PhD) & Valentine Ojonuba Ikechi
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE COMMODIFICATION OF AFRICAN ARTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
This study examines the complex relationship between globalisation and the commodification of African arts, providing a critical analysis of its impact on African cultures, artists, and art forms. Globalisation has transformed the ways in which African art is perceived, produced, and consumed worldwide, raising questions about cultural ownership, authenticity, and value. The paper finds that globalisation has led to the commodification of African art, prioritising profit over cultural significance. It argues that African artists often face exploitation in the global art market, with limited control over their work and its value. A historical method is adopted for the study. Secondary sources on the subject are utilised and analysed qualitatively through discursive and narrative approaches. The article further argues that globalisation threatens the diversity of African art forms, leading to cultural homogenisation. The study highlights the experiences of African artists navigating the global art world, revealing challenges such as exploitation and the loss of traditional art forms. The research concludes that a nuanced understanding of the impact of globalisation on African arts is essential for promoting cultural diversity, preserving traditional art forms, and supporting African artists in the global art market. It recommends a critical approach to globalisation—one that balances economic opportunities with cultural sensitivity and preservation.
Impact, Globalisation, Commodification, African Arts, Analysis
THE MORALITY OF REFUGEE INTEGRATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE WESTERN CULTURE
The morality of refugee integration has become a profound ethical and cultural question in contemporary Europe. The unprecedented influx of refugees from the Middle East and North Africa over the past decade has challenged the foundations of Western moral and cultural identity. Western civilisation has been shaped by Christian ethics, which emphasise compassion, hospitality, and the sanctity of human life. These moral imperatives have historically guided Europe’s humanitarian responses to global displacement crises. However, the growing openness of European borders, motivated by both moral conviction and political obligation, has generated significant cultural and religious consequences. This study examines the moral principles underpinning refugee integration within the context of Europe’s Christian heritage, exploring whether the moral ideal of universal compassion conflicts with the preservation of Western cultural and religious values. It analyses the ethical frameworks that justify refugee acceptance including the Christian duty of love (agape) and the secular humanitarian ideal of human rights while also interrogating the moral dilemmas that arise when integration leads to cultural tension, Islamisation, and social instability. The research employs ethical theory to evaluate how Europe’s moral posture, originally rooted in Christian humanitarianism, is being tested by the psychological, religious, and cultural transformations that accompany refugee resettlement. It argues that the West now faces a moral crossroads: whether to uphold an inclusive universalist ethic that transcends boundaries or to reaffirm a contextual moral order grounded in its Christian cultural legacy. The study concludes that sustainable integration must balance compassion with prudence, preserving both moral integrity and cultural identity in an increasingly pluralistic Europe.
Morality, Refugee, Integration, Effect, Western Culture
Abalogu, Divine Maduka PhD; Ezumezu, Tochukwu C.V
UNITY IN DIVERSITY: THE IMPERATIVE OF DEPOLITICIZING INDIGENEITY AND CITIZENSHIP IN NIGERIA
This study examined the politicisation of indigeneity and citizenship in Nigeria with the aim of understanding how these concepts have been used and misused in political, social, and administrative contexts, and how such practices have affected national unity. The objectives of the study were to explore the relationship between indigeneity and citizenship, assess the political uses and misuses of indigeneity through selected case studies, evaluate the consequences of politicised indigeneity on national integration, and propose legal, constitutional, and social reforms for its depoliticisation. The study adopted a qualitative analytical method, relying on secondary sources such as journal articles, policy papers, legal documents, and reports from reputable institutions. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis to identify patterns and implications of indigeneity in Nigeria’s political structure. Findings revealed that indigeneity, though originally intended to preserve cultural identity, has been manipulated to create exclusionary boundaries, foster discrimination, and hinder national cohesion. Furthermore, the study established that the politicisation of indigeneity undermines citizenship rights, fuels interethnic distrust, and weakens the legitimacy of the state. It concluded that comprehensive constitutional, legal, and social reforms are crucial for promoting inclusive citizenship and building a truly united Nigeria.
Indigeneity, Citizenship, National Unity, Depoliticisation, Constitutional Reform
CRITICAL THINKING AS A CORE AIM OF EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGERIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
The growing recognition of critical thinking as an essential skill for navigating complex contemporary challenges has prompted educational systems worldwide to reconsider their pedagogical priorities and learning outcomes. This paper explores critical thinking as a core aim of education through philosophical analysis, examining its theoretical foundations and practical implications for educational practice. It utilizes philosophical inquiry to analyze the conceptual nature of critical thinking, tracing its intellectual heritage from ancient Socratic methods through Enlightenment rationality to contemporary educational philosophy. Based on relevant findings from philosophical literature, this study discusses how critical thinking facilitates intellectual development, moral reasoning, democratic citizenship, and effective problem-solving, and the impact this has on both individual learners and society. The paper examines the Nigerian educational context, analyzing current challenges including curriculum emphasis on memorization, teacher preparation inadequacies, examination-driven learning approaches, and socio-political factors that influence educational practice. Additionally, the paper addresses the philosophical challenges between promoting critical inquiry and maintaining respect for cultural values and established authority. It concludes by asserting that critical thinking, properly understood and implemented, can serve as a transformative educational goal that prepares students to be intellectually independent and socially responsible citizens while respecting cultural foundations.
critical thinking, philosophy, educational reform, Nigerian education, Socratic questioning, curriculum reform, teacher education, rote learning
George Chizoba Okpara; Ezeanolue Aloysius Okwuchukwu (PhD & Egbebu Francis Ugochukwu (PhD))
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AS INSTRUMENTS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA, 1976-1991
The plight of the rural dwellers and living conditions in the rural areas were issues of concern to governments of developing countries. Several strategies were adopted to address the challenges these conditions posed. Of significant importance in this regard were government agencies. With respect to Nigeria, these agencies were the River Basin Development Authority, (RBDA), The Agricultural Development Project (ADP) and the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI). This paper seeks to demonstrate the suitability of these agencies as instruments of rural development, with a focus on Anambra State, during the period, 1976-1991. The consideration for this paper derives from the fact that temporal and spatial perspectives provide the accurate lenses through which the rural development agencies can be studied. This paper adopts a historical analysis of data, based on the mixed-method approach. Data derived from primary and secondary sources are presented thematically. It does not rely on theoretical constructs, but critically engages the available data to substantiate the kernel of its arguments. From the evidence available, the paper contends that while the RBDA and ADP projects were skewed towards agricultural transformation, those of the DFRRI was more holistic in approach. However, the projects executed by the agencies proved not to be sustainable.
CULTURAL FESTIVALS IN AWKA, 1970-2021: A CASE STUDY OF THE IMOKA FESTIVAL
Festivals are special occasions with specific purposes tied to various aspects of community life. They offer people an opportunity to rest from strenuous activities and to enjoy leisure time while participating in cultural entertainment. Imoka, one of the major festivals in Awka, has long served as a platform for sustaining cultural identity and uniformity among the Awka people and their neighbors. The Imoka Festival promotes cultural unity and serves as a vital medium for strengthening community bonds in Awka. This paper seeks to examine the origin of the Imoka Festival, address the problem of insecurity often associated with its celebration, and suggest ways to regenerate interest in the festival among the people of Awka. It also aims to showcase the town’s diverse cultural heritage and resources. The paper recommends that Awka festivals, particularly the Imoka Festival, should be preserved, developed, and promoted as tourist attractions. There should be increased youth enlightenment on the historical significance and cultural relevance of the festival. In addition, efforts should be made to create employment opportunities for the youth through the development of tourist centers and the preservation of Awka's cultural heritage. The methodology for this study includes both primary sources such as oral interviews and discussions and secondary sources, including published articles and books.
Edith Ifesinachuckwu & Prof. Ifeyinwa Emejulu
CHINESE WARS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: INSIGHTS FOR NIGERIA
The work throws light on a few of China's wars and conflict in the twentieth century, ranging from internal civil war between the Chinese communists party and the nationalist government, to conflicts that resulted from the annexation of Tibet, the Vietnamese and Korean Wars. Employing the Realist school of thought this works analyses the China's rational in employing the instrument of war in the pursuit of its foreign policy and national interest in the twentieth century. These Wars embarked by China had some implications on China. What were the implications and what are the lessons for Nigeria to learn from China's war operation strategy in the twentieth century; these are the questions that would be answered by this work.
COGNITIVE INSULATION THERAPY: A NOVEL PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION APPROACH
Psychological disorders such as Erectile Dysfunction (ED) and others need effective, efficient and result-oriented psychotherapeutic intervention. Cognitive Insulation Therapy (CIT) is a cognitive psychotherapeutic approach developed for managing and treating ED as well as several other disorders; CIT through its principles, chronological steps, sequence of application and delivery ensures the expected interventional outcomes. Its Cognitive Displacement, Cognitive Insertion, and Cognitive Stabilisation procedures arm every therapist and counsellor with the necessary treatment protocols to achieve the required psychoemobehavioural outcomes (PEBO).
REVIVING INDIGENOUS WISDOM: THE INFLUENCE OF IGBO CONFLICT RESOLUTION ON CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL DIPLOMACY
Modern diplomacy and international peacebuilding often rely on Western-centric frameworks that may overlook indigenous perspectives. This article explores the overlooked potential of Igbo traditional conflict resolution mechanisms in contributing to the evolution of more inclusive and sustainable global peace strategies. The study is motivated by the problem of cultural disconnect in existing peacebuilding approaches, which frequently neglect indigenous systems rooted in communal values and participatory justice. The objective of this research is to examine how Igbo conflict resolution practices—anchored in oral traditions, consensus building, and communal accountability—can complement and enhance modern diplomatic efforts. Employing a qualitative methodology, the study draws from oral histories, cultural narratives, and secondary literature to analyze these indigenous mechanisms. It is guided by a post-colonial and communitarian theoretical framework, which foregrounds the importance of cultural context and collective responsibility in conflict resolution. The findings reveal that Igbo practices offer flexible, inclusive, and community-centered approaches that contrast with the rigidity of formal diplomatic systems. These methods emphasize reconciliation, restitution, and long-term harmony, making them highly relevant for contemporary peacebuilding challenges. The study concludes that integrating such traditional approaches into formal frameworks can improve the legitimacy, effectiveness, and sustainability of peace efforts globally. It recommends that policymakers, international organizations, and peace practitioners consider adopting and adapting indigenous conflict resolution methods—like those of the Igbo people—within global peace processes, thus fostering a more culturally attuned and enduring pathway to global harmony.
Ifeanyi Ugochukwu Sanctus & Nwaneri Justin Chukwuma Ph.D
“NATIONALIZATION OF RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE, 1980-2008”
The nationalization of resources in post-colonial Africa has been a contentious policy approach, particularly in countries like Zimbabwe, where control over natural resources was viewed as a pathway to economic sovereignty and development. In the decades following independence, Zimbabwe implemented policies aimed at redistributing land and resources to the majority population, driven by the need to address inequalities inherited from the colonial era. However, the outcomes of these policies have been mixed, sparking significant debates regarding their impact on economic growth, investment and poverty reduction. This paper adopts historical research methodology relying primarily on secondary sources to examine Zimbabwe’s experience with the nationalization of resources with a focus on land reform and the mining sector. It assesses whether these policies have facilitated sustainable development or exacerbated economic challenges. This paper concludes that, although nationalization policies were intended to equitable wealth distribution and economic growth, their flawed implementation- the fast track land reform resulted to international sanctions and withdrawal of foreign aid. These consequences have had a detrimental impact on the country’s economy. The paper offered recommendations aimed at aligning resource governance with long-term economic growth and social equity.
THE IMPACT OF COVID 19 ON IGWEBUIKE PHILOSOPHY AND AFRICAN COMMUNALISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL ASSESSMENT
Nowadays, no one hears of the ravages of Corona virus, or crown virus in Africa but one still hears during winter that a strand of the virus is still alive and still cause ill heath in some part of Europe and America. This pandemic, Corona virus, known with the code, COVID 19 spread like a wild fire; in 2019, 2020, and 2021 and its impacts on so many sectors of African life were enormous. Many sectors of the worlds’ economy went into lockdown, likewise so many nations or countries in Africa. And with the introduction of COVID 19 sanitary rules or precautionary measures that were aimed at defeating the virus, like social distancing, staying at home, staying alone to stay safe, one instantly saw a serious problem or challenge and an attack to the foundation of African communitarian life and practice or communalism, also to Igwebuike Philosophy which is within African Communalism. African communalism as an African way is community oriented life it’s never individualistic. Using Philosophical analysis, as the methodology, exposition of COVID 19, African Communalism and Igwebuike philosophy is made, and the most dreadful effect of the pandemic is portrayed, and then, this noble life of African man is x-rayed too, so as to see its benefits to Africans of nowadays. Seeing the challenges posed by the Crown virus, the researcher portrays African Ethics of care as the way forward and this African Ethics of care is rooted firmly on African communalistic principles of living and on Igwebuike philosophy. Not only that the most vulnerable must be catered or cared for, however, African communalism is still in voyage with its solidarity palliatives and assistance from the governments, groups, and well to do Africans. It must reach to the less privileged ones and even to middle class among the privileged ones so as to gain enormous strength to defeat the pandemic together.
MANY VOICES, ONE NIGERIA: A CRITIQUE OF NATIONALISM AND NATIONISM
It is an undisputable fact that language is an indispensable tool for national development, stability and unity, Language is viewed as the pivot around which all human activities revolve, Such activities as cultural and traditional expressions leading to inculcation of ideologies, establishing interaction amongst people, dissemination of information, advancing education, commerce and industries are the major roles language plays in human and national development. Language is the tool for the integration of diversified cultures, However, with the current ugly trend of events in the political space in Nigeria where inter-group relationship is characterized by rivalry Instead of healthy competition and inclusiveness, dominance instead of cooperation, exploitation instead of collaboration, centralization and dictatorship instead of decentralization and democracy, the problem remains whether one can comfortably say "many voices one Nigeria," With this in mind, this paper attempts a critique of the notions of "Nationalism" and "Nationism" in Nigeria and concludes that the bane of national development in Nigeria is the dominance of nationism.
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FISH PRODUCTION IN THE NIGER DELTA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIA’S ECONOMY
Nigeria is richly endowed with natural resources, including substantial water bodies that present vast economic opportunities. Among these is the Niger Delta region, whose coastal and inland waterways hold significant potential for fisheries development. Despite fish being one of the most widely consumed protein sources in Nigeria, a large portion of the nation's fish supply is imported. This occurs even though the Niger Delta has the capacity to meet domestic demand through local production. This paper aims to explore the potential of fish production in the Niger Delta as a driver of economic growth and a contributor to Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It also examines the major constraints facing the fisheries sector in the region—ranging from environmental degradation to infrastructural and policy-related challenges—and proposes actionable solutions for sustainable development of the industry.
REMAKING AFRICA THROUGH THE INSTRUMENTALITY OF RELIGION: A FOCUS ON POVERTY REDUCTION
During the precolonial period, dating back to early nineteenth century, when Africa had established empires, kingdoms and states, there was both poverty and affluence. The poverty of that time, however took a different form. In general, traditional Africa was fairly governed by traditional, mores, customs and laws that regulated the economy of the people and the nation- states in precolonial indigenous societies. African beliefs and indigenous system had real and symbolic meaning and granted protection to African children, women and the poor. Reinvigorating these practices and traditions was an important aspect of long-term poverty reduction in Africa and the Africans in diaspora. However, in the colonial period some of these traditions lost their power as colonial rule and laws were introduced. Africans began to lose their sense of religio- cultural identity as a new group of elites emerged to replace the traditional rulers and to collaborate with the colonial powers. Despite its natural resources and riches, Africa is now known to the world as a poor continent. Though materially poor, Africa is spiritually wealthy. It is a continent where African traditional religion, Christianity and Islam are well established. The data for this research was collected through primary and secondary sources, and interpreted through descriptive method. This focuses on religion and poverty. There is a strong link between religion and poverty. There are two major forms of poverty, the structural and spiritual. Structural or material poverty is what Africans are faced with today. Poverty is described in its severe sense as food shortage, malnutrition, inadequate housing, disease and illiteracy etc. The findings of this research, is that poverty is as old as Africa, the church and government had fought and is still fighting poverty. This research recommends that the church, government, NGOs and other international bodies should join forces to fight poverty in Africa.
Rev Edwin Otubo Nwanchor (PhD) & Kalu Ndukwe
POCKET-PENIS SYNDROME: A NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION MODEL
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition among men. In many married men, it is attributed to a condition known as Pocket-Penis Syndrome. The Pocket-Penis Model explains the psychobiophysical interactions that contribute to ED, particularly when triggered by the physical (environmental) component of the psychobiophysical triad—comprising physical, biological, and psychological factors. The model postulates that negative interactions among these components are responsible for ED in married men. It also outlines the underlying principles of ED and provides a psychological intervention framework that includes both assessment and treatment protocols for affected individuals.
EXPLORING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN SIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETATION: PATHWAYS THROUGH PROFESSIONALIZATION AND TRANSLATION
The global demand for Sign Language Interpreters (SLIs) is on the rise, catalyzed by a heightened focus on inclusivity across sectors such as education, healthcare, and legal services. This study delves into the expanding career opportunities within sign language interpretation, emphasizing pathways toward professionalization and the role of continuous skill development. We explore the evolving responsibilities of SLIs and the critical skills necessary for success across various settings. A descriptive survey design was employed, using structured questionnaires to gather quantitative data about sign language interpreters from deaf students. The survey explored the SLI’s experiences, sector-specific demands, and perceived barriers in the educational sector. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to identify trends and highlight gaps in professional development and policy support. This paper highlights the growing need for formalized training programs and the establishment of standardized certification processes to ensure equitable service quality and access for the deaf and hard-of-hearing communities. The study underscores the importance of on-the-job training, sector-specific continuous professional development, and policy reform as foundational elements for enhancing SLIs' proficiency and career readiness. Technological advancements, such as remote interpreting and accessibility tools, are also emphasized as transformative components in SLI practice, enabling interpreters to navigate new communication challenges and increase accessibility in virtual environments. The research reveals that targeted professional development programs, with a focus on sector-specific terminology, ethics, and technological literacy, are critical for effective interpretation. This paper concludes with recommendations for improving SLI career trajectories, emphasizing structured training, certification, and educational initiatives to establish SLIs as vital professionals in fostering inclusivity. By addressing challenges such as job commitment and the need for specialized skillsets, this paper provides actionable insights to support the advancement of SLI careers and to promote accessibility and inclusion for deaf individuals in a variety of public and professional domains.
Jah-Amaka Progress Enwedo; Trust Effiong Idiong & Kene Lucile Emenike
FARMERS-HERDERS CRISIS AND HUMANITARIAN CHALLENGES IN LAFIA, NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA
The persistent conflicts between farmers and herders in Nigeria, particularly in the North Central region, have led to significant humanitarian challenges. Using both primary and secondary data carefully selected and analyzed by the author, the study examines the specific manifestations of this crisis and its humanitarian consequences in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. It analyzes the historical context, drivers, and dynamics of the conflict, highlighting its impact on displacement, food security, health, and social cohesion within Lafia's urban setting. The paper argues that the conflict led to an influx of displaced populations into Lafia and has created a complex humanitarian emergency that requires urgent attention and multi-faceted interventions. The paper, therefore, suggests that the federal, state, and international community should increase funding for the humanitarian response in Lafia, improve coordination among actors, build capacity, address protection gaps, promote durable solutions for internally displaced persons (IDPs), strengthen security and rule of law, and address the root causes of the conflict through sustainable policies and conflict resolution mechanisms. These measures will ensure adequate assistance, support the return and reintegration of IDPs, facilitate local integration, and explore resettlement options in other parts of Nigeria.
MANAGEMENT OF INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: A STUDY OF NIGERIA, 2000-2019
This paper examines the management of inter-ethnic conflicts in Nigeria between 2000 and 2023, with a focus on root causes and governmental responses. The objective is to analyze how historical grievances, economic disparities, and political marginalization contribute to persistent inter-ethnic tensions and to evaluate the effectiveness of various conflict management strategies employed by the Nigerian government. Utilizing a qualitative methodology based on secondary sources—including published books, journal articles, and newspaper reports—the study finds that colonial legacies, cultural and religious differences, and competition for resources are primary drivers of inter-ethnic conflict. Key findings indicate that while military interventions and policy reforms have achieved limited success in curbing immediate violence, initiatives such as the Niger Delta Amnesty Program and the Plateau Peace Building Agency show promise in promoting long-term peace through economic development and sustained dialogue. However, the study highlights the need for more proactive and comprehensive approaches to address the structural and systemic causes of inter-ethnic conflict in Nigeria.
THE ECONOMIC INEQUALITY; ITS IMPLICATIONS ON INSECURITY IN THE SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA
Economic inequality is the unequal distribution of income and opportunity among different classes in the society .Economic inequality favors the rich and the powerful while leaving the poor worst off. In the south eastern Nigeria, since after the civil war, there were deliberate attempt to sideline many people from eastern part of Nigeria from participating in the sharing of Nigeria commonwealth. The civil war ended on the note :No victor , No vanquish .This agreement was never respected by the supposedly victorious Nigeria Generals against the people of eastern Nigeria and thereafter economic policies to promote divide and rule were deliberately initiated to suppress the most enterprising ,productive and innovative spirit of the people from eastern region of Nigeria. Dr. Michael Okpara industrial revolution that made eastern Nigeria the fastest growing economy before the civil war was deliberately frustrated. Merit was sacrificed in the altar of nepotism and tribalism and these actions laid the foundation for economic inequality in the eastern part of Nigeria. Only those within eastern region who were ready to trade off their integrity and expertise were economically empowered through political appointments and juicy contracts as well as oil licenses.
THE DYNAMICS OF CHILD REARING IN EKWULUMILI SOCIETY
This study explores the evolving dynamics of child rearing in Ekwulumili, a traditional Igbo community in southeastern Nigeria. Drawing on qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, participant observation, and focus group discussions, the research investigates how cultural values, social structures, and external influences shape parenting practices within the community. The findings reveal a strong emphasis on communal responsibility, respect for elders, and moral instruction, which are deeply embedded in indigenous child-rearing norms. However, these traditional models are increasingly challenged by socio-economic changes, migration, religious shifts, and the influence of globalization and modern education. The paper highlights the adaptive strategies employed by families to reconcile cultural expectations with contemporary realities, shedding light on the tensions and transformations within intergenerational parenting ideologies. By situating Ekwulumili’s experiences within broader theoretical frameworks of child development and cultural change, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of African child-rearing practices and the complex interplay between tradition and modernity in postcolonial societies.
Emeka Emmanuel Prince Ume-Ezeoke; Alexander Ugwukah PhD & Olayiwola Enoch Oke PhD
GENDER INEQUALITY AND HEALTHCARE UTILIZATION AMONG URBAN AND RURAL DWELLERS IN ANAMBRA STATE, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA
This study investigated gender and healthcare utilization among rural and urban dwellers in Anambra State, Nigeria. A mixed methods research design was adopted, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches for data collection and analysis. Quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews (IDIs). The quantitative data were processed using SPSS and analysed with descriptive statistics. Qualitative data were coded into themes aligned with the study’s objectives. Findings indicate the existence of gender inequality in access to and utilization of healthcare services. Additionally, urban residents are more likely to access healthcare compared to those in rural areas. The study recommends further research that is more comprehensive and capable of generating broader evidence to support generalization.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRADE AND COMMERCE IN COLONIAL EAST AND WEST AFRICA: CASE STUDY OF KENYA AND NIGERIA
As a big driver of international economic relations, commerce obviously occupied a significant place in the colonial space. More importantly, the pattern of commercial development in the various regions of Africa hugely contributed to the exploitation of their resources. This study attempts a comparison of commerce in colonial West and East Africa using Kenya and Nigeria as a case study. The aim is to compare the pattern of commerce in the two regions to ascertain whether they were both exploitative. The study seeks to understand, in essence, the impact of colonial trade and commerce patterns in Africa. The study adopts a historical method of analysis, relying on secondary sources. These sources are interpreted qualitatively using descriptive and discursive approaches. The study finds that the nature of the pattern that commerce assumed in the two regions were essentially the same with minor differences, and that the pattern was exploitative. It recommends that African leaders and economic policy makers must avoid unhealthy trade and commercial arrangements which are unhealthy and detrimental to the economic well-being of the continent.
LAWRENCE Chichebem Solomon & CHUKWU C. JAMES
CONCILIATING AFRICA’S ETHNIC MINORITIES WITH AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN POVERTY REDUCTION: LESSONS FROM CHINA
Many conflicts in developing countries have been caused by groups on the margins of society agitating against their exclusion from the scheme of things. Africa is a region that has been ravaged by complex and multifaceted conflicts. The continent’s state fragility quotient is high; and one of the very first things some African countries (notably Nigeria, Zaire (now DRC) and Angola) did upon gaining independence was either fight a civil war or flirt with situations that brought them on the brink of war. Most of the conflicts have been fought by ethnic groups contesting the control of political and/or economic power and/or natural resources. Ethnic conflict on the continent has been approached with different measures. For example, in Rwanda measures have been taken to eliminate the social relevance of ethnicity (the major cause of the genocide), with the result that Rwandans are no longer ethnically profiled as Hutu or Tutsi or Twa but simply as Rwandan. There are various ethnic policies in the other regions that can be copied and adapted to the peculiar conditions in different countries on the continent. This work holds up China’s ethnic policies as models that can be adapted for the continent.
Anas Elochukwu & Innocent-Franklyn Ezeonwuka
TOWARDS DECOLONIZED ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES IN AFRICA: INTEGRATING AI AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY
What has come to be known as Africa’s environmental governance has long been shaped by colonial-era policies that prioritize Western conservation models, extractive industries, and externally imposed regulatory frameworks. This study interrogates the intersection of sustainable development, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) in reshaping Africa’s environmental policies beyond neo-colonial paradigms. It argues that AI, when ethically integrated with indigenous ecological knowledge, can serve as a de-colonial tool, challenging exploitative environmental governance and fostering locally driven, sustainable solutions. Drawing from historical and contemporary case studies, such as the Green Belt Movement in Kenya, indigenous-led reforestation efforts in Madagascar, and AI-powered climate resilience initiatives in West Africa, the paper explores how African communities are reclaiming environmental sovereignty through technological and cultural synergies. It examines the role of global financial institutions, transnational corporations, and African political elites in maintaining dependency-driven environmental policies. It also assesses grassroots movements advocating for policy reforms rooted in indigenous ecological traditions. The paper evaluates the ethical dilemmas of AI-driven environmental governance, questioning the risks of data colonialism and technological exclusion. By analyzing policy shifts, entrepreneurial innovations, and community-led resistance, this study posits that true sustainability in Africa hinges on an environmental framework that is not only technologically advanced but also culturally and historically attuned to indigenous knowledge systems. The paper concludes by advocating for a hybrid governance model that integrates AI’s predictive capabilities with the time-tested wisdom of Africa’s ecological traditions, ensuring that environmental sovereignty becomes central to Africa’s political and economic emancipation.
Mbalisi, Chinedu Nnaemeka. PhD; Nwaiwu, Nnaedoziem Samuel & Alokwu, Cyprian Obiora