Urbanization and Malaria Transmission in Imo State, Nigeria: An Epidemiological Study

Abstract

Malaria remains a major public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, and the rapid pace of urbanization is reshaping its transmission patterns. This study investigated the relationship between urbanization and malaria prevalence in selected urban centers of Imo State, Nigeria—Owerri, Orlu, and Okigwe. A hospital-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 600 randomly selected participants. Data were obtained through structured questionnaires assessing demographic and environmental variables, while venous blood samples were analyzed using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy for malaria detection. The overall malaria prevalence was 38.7%, with males (41.5%) showing higher infection rates than females (36.0%). Age-specific analysis revealed that children under five years and young adults (20–39 years) were the most affected groups. Environmental risk factors such as poor drainage systems, stagnant water, and overcrowded living conditions were significantly associated with higher malaria incidence. The findings demonstrate that unplanned urban growth, coupled with inadequate sanitation and poor housing, contributes to sustained malaria transmission within urban settings.The study concludes that effective malaria control in urbanized areas requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates urban planning, environmental management, and public health interventions. Strengthening community awareness and improving urban infrastructure are essential steps toward reducing malaria transmission and achieving sustainable disease control in Imo State and similar urban environments across Nigeria.