Impact of Urbanization on Malaria Infection in Selected Urban Areas of Imo State, Nigeria

Abstract

Malaria remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, with urbanization altering traditional transmission patterns. This study investigated the impact of urbanization on malaria infection in three urban centers of Imo State—Owerri, Orlu, and Okigwe. A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted between April and July 2024, involving 600 participants (200 per zone). Venous blood samples were examined using Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and microscopy to detect malaria parasites and estimate parasite densities. Structured questionnaires captured participants’ demographic, socioeconomic, and migratory backgrounds. Results showed an overall prevalence of 34.5%, with Orlu recording the highest (38.0%) and Okigwe the lowest (30.0%). Migrants exhibited higher infection rates and parasite densities compared to non-migrants, particularly among females and low-income groups. Environmental conditions such as poor drainage, stagnant water, and overcrowded settlements further sustained transmission within urban neighborhoods. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between malaria prevalence and migration status (p < 0.05), while age and sex showed no significant effect. The study underscores the role of population mobility and inadequate urban infrastructure in maintaining malaria transmission cycles. Effective control requires integrated vector management, improved diagnostic coverage, and gender-sensitive interventions within urban health frameworks. These findings provide valuable baseline data for targeted malaria control and urban health policy in Imo State and similar rapidly growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa.