A LEGAL OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL FORENSIC DNA DATABASE GOVERNANCE FOR CRIME SOLVING IN NIGERIA, UK AND USA

Abstract

The introduction and use of forensic DNA evidence in crime investigation within modern-day criminal justice systems across the world has revolutionised and significantly enhanced the accuracy of investigative outcomes. Nevertheless, forensic DNA evidence cannot be effectively utilised in solving crimes in the absence of a national forensic DNA database. This study aimed to provide a legal overview of national forensic DNA database governance for crime solving and control in Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, with a view to ascertaining the existence, level of development, and effectiveness of such frameworks in the countries under review. The findings revealed that both the United Kingdom and the United States have developed robust national forensic DNA databases, supported by comprehensive legal frameworks; further strengthened through case laws and legislative developments. In contrast, Nigeria lacks both a national forensic DNA database and specific legislation governing forensic DNA database management. It was also found that the United Kingdom and the United States have extensively utilised their forensic DNA databases in solving and preventing crimes, including the resolution of cold cases. By contrast, Nigeria continues to rely heavily on limited traditional investigative methods, such as suspect interrogation, eyewitness testimony, and confessions. The study therefore recommends that the Nigerian government should, as a matter of urgency, adopt best practices from the United Kingdom and the United States by establishing a national forensic DNA database and developing specific legislation to regulate its governance, in line with international standards. The establishment of a national forensic DNA database, alongside a clear regulatory framework, will enhance the effective utilisation of forensic DNA evidence in solving and preventing the growing incidence of crime in Nigeria.