JOURNAL OF ARTS, RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURAL STUDIES
The Journal of Arts, Religion, Philosophy, and Cultural Studies is a multidisciplinary platform committed to fostering scholarly discourse and critical inquiry at the intersections of art, spirituality, philosophical thought, and cultural dynamics. This journal serves as a space where diverse voices and perspectives converge to explore the intricate tapestry of human experience across time, geography, and ideology.
SURVIVAL, MIGRATION, AND DISILLUSIONMENT IN THE DIASPORA: A STUDY OF CHIKA UNIGWE’S ON BLACK SISTERS’ STREET
Migration has become a common reality in many African societies, as increasing numbers of people move across borders in search of better economic and social conditions. Although migration can offer new opportunities, it also exposes migrants to serious socio-economic difficulties. Focusing on transnationalism theory, this study examines how African migrants sustain social, economic, and cultural ties across national boundaries through practices such as remittances, cultural expression, and political participation. Using Chika Unigwe’s On Black Sisters’ Street as a case study, the paper highlights the lived realities of African migrants in the diaspora, including discrimination, employment and housing difficulties, financial hardship, and language barriers. The study further identifies poverty, political instability, and economic decline as key drivers of migration, noting the disillusionment many migrants experience when expectations of a better life confront harsh realities. The paper concludes by calling on African states to address the structural challenges that fuel migration driven by frustration.
Migration, African diaspora, Transnationalism, Socio-economic challenge, Disillusionment
Abigail Onowosemenmen Oaiknena, PhD; Okoroafor Chukwuebuka Praise
IGBO MAN’S TRAITS IN NWAOZUZU’S NKE M JI KA AND NWANA’S OMENỤKỌ: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This paper examines the traits of a typical Igbo man as portrayed through the protagonists of selected Igbo literary texts. In contemporary society, it has become worrisome that the Igbo man is gradually losing grip on those admirable qualities for which he is traditionally known for. This study seeks to reawaken the consciousness of the Igbo man in alignment with the Igbo saying, “a mụọ nwoke ya bụrụ nwoke,” which literally means that a man ought to behave like a man. The aim of the paper is to revisit the past in order to identify those personality traits historically associated with the Igbo man. The research adopts a descriptive approach in analyzing the traits embodied by the protagonists in the selected texts. Gender Schema Theory is employed as the analytical framework. Two Igbo literary texts were selected for analysis—a novel and a drama text. Findings reveal that the authors portray their protagonists as individuals who possess admirable qualities that approximate those of the typical Igbo man. Onyekwere in Nke M Ji Ka makes reasonable attempts to uphold his ideals, although he is challenged by conservatism, civilization, and impatience. Conversely, Omenuko in Omenụkọ successfully navigates the circumstances surrounding him and maintains his identity through diplomacy and dynamism.
Personality, Gender Schema Theory, Novel, Drama, Igbo people, Comparative Analysis, Protagonist
LA DIGLOSSIE DANS REINE POKOU DE VÉRONIQUE TADJO: UNE ÉTUDE DE LA RELATION ENTRE LE FRANÇAIS ET LE BAOULÉ
Cette étude vise à examiner la diglossie dans Reine Pokou de Véronique Tadjo. Le roman explore la relation entre le français et le baoulé dans le contexte de la culture ivoirienne. Une approche qui fait référence à la coexistence et à l'interaction de plusieurs registres linguistiques dans un texte littéraire, en particulier entre le français, langue coloniale dominante, et le baoulé ; une langue africaine indigène. Cette étude est centrée sur la relation entre le français et le baoulé en démontrant comment Véronique Tadjo présente structurellement cette dualité linguistique et comment elle façonne la représentation de l'identité culturelle, de la résistance et de l'hybridité via baoulé. L’étude utilise une approche structuraliste et poststructuraliste pour analyser le fonctionnement de la dualité linguistique dans Reine Pokou de Véronique Tadjo, notre roman choisit pour bien comprendre comment l’auteur utilise la polyphonie, l'hétéroglossie et l'intertextualité pour remettre en question les hiérarchies linguistiques coloniales. Elle va également intégrer analyse littéraire pour bien relever les points dans l'utilisation de la diglossie narrative, la manière dont elle utilise le lexique, les proverbes et les traditions orales indigènes dans les structures textuelles françaises. La recherche enfin souligne l'importance de la narration diglossique dans Reine Pokou , la positionnant comme un outil esthétique et idéologique crucial dans la décolonisation de l'expression littéraire, postcoloniales et linguistiques et offrant une nouvelle perspective sur l'évolution du paysage linguistique de l'expression culturelle africaine. This study is limited to ‘Reine Pokou’, a literary work by Véronique Tadjo, where we will look at or examine diglossia in ‘Reine Pokou’, the novel chosen to explore the relationship between French and Baoulé in the context of Ivorian culture. This approach refers to the coexistence and interaction of several linguistic registers in a literary text, in particular between French, the dominant colonial language, and Baoulé, an indigenous African language. This study focuses on the relationship between French and Baoulé, demonstrating how Véronique Tadjo structurally presents this linguistic duality and how it shapes the representation of cultural identity, resistance and hybridity via Baoulé. The research uses a structuralist and poststructuralist approach to analyze the operation of linguistic duality in Véronique Tadjo's ‘Reine Pokou’, our chosen novel, in order to understand how the author uses polyphony, heteroglossia and intertextuality to challenge colonial linguistic hierarchies. It also integrates literary analysis to identify points in the use of narrative diglossia, the way she uses lexicon, proverbs and indigenous oral traditions in French textual structures. Finally, the research highlights the importance of diglossic narrative in ‘Reine Pokou’, positioning it as a crucial aesthetic and ideological tool in the decolonization of literary, postcolonial and linguistic expression and offering a new perspective on the changing linguistic landscape of African cultural expression.
Uzor Ogechukwu Chinulu & Precious Chimee Joshua
CODE-SWITCHING: A PRAGMATIC STRATEGY IN MULTILINGUAL NIGERIAN COMMUNITIES
Code-switching, the alternating use of two or more languages within a conversation or discourse, is a prevalent phenomenon in multilingual communities. This study examines code-switching as a pragmatic strategy employed to achieve specific communicative purposes, such as clarifying meaning, signalling social identity, maintaining solidarity, and negotiating power relations. The analysis is grounded in Myers-Scotton’s Markedness Model and Auer’s Conversational Analysis Approach. The Markedness Model explains how speakers’ language choices are shaped by the negotiation of social norms and rights-and-obligations sets, while Auer’s approach accounts for the sequential and interactional functions of code-switching within conversational contexts. Data were collected from naturally occurring conversations among educated bilinguals in a Nigerian multilingual setting, and a qualitative discourse analysis was applied to identify patterns and functions of code-switching. Findings reveal that code-switching is not a random occurrence but a purposeful act influenced by sociocultural norms, conversational structure, and speaker intentions. It serves pragmatic functions such as emphasis, politeness, topic shift, repair, and identity marking, aligning with both social motivations and interactional contingencies. The study concludes that code-switching is a dynamic communicative tool for meaning-making, social positioning, and pragmatic adaptation in multilingual settings. These insights underscore its value beyond structural considerations, highlighting its role as a resource for effective communication and social negotiation in diverse linguistic communities.
RECONSTRUCTING AFRICAN GENDERED CULTURE THROUGH CRITICAL LITERACY AND LANGUAGE USE
Critical literacy (CL, henceforth) empowers individuals to redefine themselves and enables society to reconstruct its systems and structures. Concerned with the negative portrayal of women embedded in Africa’s gendered culture and language use, this study advocates for the sustained and widespread application of CL to challenge and transform long-standing gendered customs, traditions, and linguistic practices in contemporary Africa. The study is grounded in Freire’s Theory of Critical Literacy, which equips individuals and groups with critical consciousness, referred to as conscientisation, to overcome socio-political indoctrination within society. Drawing on this theoretical framework, the study argues that CL can awaken both individual and collective awareness, leading to the reconstruction of entrenched gendered norms in cultural and linguistic contexts. The research employs a systematic review, descriptive survey, content analysis, and interpretive tools to analyze secondary data, which the study relies on exclusively. The analysis reveals that CL is a viable and sustainable problem-solving tool capable of challenging and reconstructing negative representations of women perpetuated through gendered cultural and linguistic practices. The study concludes that, with critical consciousness and a willingness to embrace innovation, deeply rooted gendered constructions, both cultural and linguistic, can be effectively transformed. Among its recommendations, the study emphasizes the need to popularize CL as a means of challenging negative social constructs, regardless of their historical persistence. In addition, teachers and other agents of socialization should equip individuals and groups with CL skills and guide them in applying these skills to reconstruct harmful narratives within society.
Anyanwu, Edith Ada, PhD; Ubi, Veronica Onwanyi, PhD & Eze, Edith Evelyn, PhD
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE GROWTH OF READING AND LEARNING ABILITIES
The growth of reading and learning abilities is partly a function of the total development of human organisms as they interact with various institutions, persons and forces in society. Anderson and Hughes (1995) found from a study of matched group of boys and girls in the first school grade, that success in reading at that early age is a function of total development; children who are normal or advanced in general maturity tend to succeed, whereas those who are retarded in their social development tend to fail in reading. This finding has been confirmed by several other research reports (Olson, 1988; Richardson, 1987; Keshian, 1973). The purpose of this article is to discuss the relationship of social development and the growth of reading abilities, and examine their educational implications, with reference to a developing country like Nigeria
OVERCOMING THE PROBLEMS OF SHORTFALL IN SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRODUCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY COMMERCE IN THE BIGHT OF BIAFRA HINTER LAND
The abolition of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade and the subsequent introduction of commerce on produce had profound impact on the economic structure of the communities in the hinterland of the Bight of Biafra. The need to invent and adopt new economic structures and patterns to suit the nascent commerce was imperative. First, there was not just the need to switch over to production-based economy, but also to ensure regular and abundant supply of the products. Again, there was the need to convey the products to the ‘beaches’ for an onward bulk evacuation to the major river banks from whence they were ferried to the coastal ports. Certainly, these activities required large labour. And in a society where wage labour was yet non-existent, these posed a lot of challenges. This paper explores how marriages and marriage ties and alliances were employed to overcome the problems and challenges of the produce economy.
THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY ON TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE
Religion remains a major aspect of people's lives today. Even though the tilt toward religiosity may be waning in Europe and elsewhere, Africans maintain a strong sense of commitment and attachment to the spiritual realm, upholding the belief that “the spiritual controls the physical." The central role of religion in human life is evident in its influence on global issues such as the Middle East conflict. In Africa, the arrival of Europeans and Arabs introduced new forms of religion—Christianity and Islam. While these religions have been widely embraced, African Traditional Religion (ATR) continues to command significant followership. The Awka people long worshipped their deities in indigenous ways before the introduction of Christianity. Although a large section of the town embraced Christianity, both religions have coexisted though not without tension. Christianity often regards traditional practices as evil, leading to misunderstanding and conflict. This religious discord has hindered communal unity, making it difficult for the town to collectively address shared challenges such as insecurity and poor infrastructure. By historicizing the religious evolution of Awka, this paper aims to highlight the far-reaching impact of Christianity on the indigenous religious system of the Awka people. It also proposes strategies for fostering harmony among the various religious groups and their adherents. To achieve this, the study draws on both primary and secondary sources, with oral interviews playing a pivotal role. Ultimately, the paper argues that if the strained relationship between the Christian Church and traditional religion practitioners is not addressed, it could have grave consequences for Awka and indeed, for Anambra State.
Edith Ifesinachukwu & Prof. Ifeyinwa Emejulu
HARMONISING MEANINGFUL LIVING AND SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYMENT THROUGH EDUCATION _ A PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
This study explores the growing need for a balanced approach to education one that equally emphasizes both meaningful living and sustainable employment. In many educational systems, there has been a noticeable shift toward preparing learners primarily for the demands of the labour market, often at the expense of personal development, ethical awareness, and lifelong purpose. This study, guided by a qualitative approach, examines the philosophical underpinnings of education as a foundation for holistic development. By focusing on the lived experiences, views, and societal expectations surrounding education, the study highlights how learning can be structured to serve both the practical needs of modern economies and the human need for meaning, character, and moral awareness. Central to this discussion are the concepts of ethics in education, strategies for achieving balance, and the role of lifelong learning as a bridge between technical competence and self-actualization. The study argues that a well-balanced educational system must go beyond preparing individuals for employment; it must also empower them to live consciously, contribute ethically, and continue learning in an ever-changing world. By drawing from philosophical thought and practical realities, the study proposes a framework that reimagines education as both a means of survival and a path to a meaningful life.
THE IMPACT OF ETHICAL GUIDELINES TRAINING ON AI USE AMONG STUDENTS IN ANAMBRA PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
This research examined the impact of ethical guidelines training on AI use among students in Anambra public universities. It was a quasi-experimental research with two groups- the control and the experimental groups. This study involved 100 participants, with 50 randomly assigned to the experimental group receiving ethical guidelines training and 50 to the control group, which did not receive the training. Descriptive statistics, specifically the mean, independent T-Test were employed to address research questions. The findings of this study showed that participants in the experimental group had higher improvement scores in AI use in terms of awareness and attitudes. The findings show that integrating ethical guidelines training into education offers several key advantages, as this can enhance awareness and attitudes towards responsible AI use among learners. The results of this study contribute significantly to other related studies that focus on promoting responsible AI use in education.
Ezeanolue Aloysius Okwuchukwu, Ph.D, (Rev. Fr) & George, Chizoba, Okpara
OMUGWO AS A CULTURAL TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND RELATIONSHIP IN ORAIFITE, ANAMBRA STATE
This study explores omugwo, the traditional Igbo postpartum care ritual, as a cultural tool for promoting effective human development and strengthening relationships in Oraifite, Anambra State. Omugwo is more than a maternal care practice; it embodies cultural values that support the health and well-being of both mother and child, while fostering unity within the family and the wider community. The research highlights how omugwo serves as a medium for transferring indigenous knowledge, nurturing emotional bonds across generations, and preserving cultural heritage. Through qualitative data drawn from oral interviews, personal observations, and existing literature, the study examines how this tradition contributes to maternal recovery, infant care, and the promotion of empathy, cooperation, and communal living. The findings reveal that omugwo not only provides critical physical and psychological support to new mothers but also reinforces social cohesion, respect for life, and a sense of belonging among family members. The paper argues that maintaining such indigenous practices in modern times can complement contemporary healthcare while sustaining the cultural identity of the people. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to preserve and adapt omugwo to ensure its continued relevance in promoting healthy family dynamics and holistic human development.
Nwokedi, Godswill Okechukwu; Amara Kanu Faith & Albert Ulutorti Green
MODERN MEDIA TECHNOLOGY: A THREAT TO HUMAN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
The frequent usage of modern media technology to interact is now a global phenomenon. It has made it possible for the world to become a global village through the use of electronic gadget like mobile phones, computers and the introduction of social media as tool for communication. Through modern media technology as tool for communication, distance is no longer a barrier especially with the aid of programmed application like Facebook, Twitter (rebranded as ‘X’), WhatsApp, Tiktok, Email, etc. The negative aspect of these applications is that while it can be used at ease it has created wide gap in physical communication among relations, friends and associates. This days, people hardly have time to visit loved ones, or family for holidays or vacation. They will rather prefer to chat, ping, mail, or send videos, pictures, or voice notes instead of been physically present. While modern media technology offers us more convenience, human beings are now losing their ability to physically socialize, communicate and care for others. On this grounds, this paper observes that modern media technology has continued to accelerate the loss of human co-existence, affect individual control over their own lives, and undermining interpersonal relationships. Considering these negative impact of this technology, man must be wary of technology in order not to lose the physical bounds that is needed in inter-personal relationships in the world. The paper therefore, recommend that while modern media technological advancement has both positive and negative benefits to man, its usage should be minimized or better still regulated in order to produce a human society where man’s inter-personal relationships with others are not threatened.
APPIAH’S COSMOPOLITANISM AND IGWEBUIKE PHILOSOPHY AS CATALYSTS FOR NIGERIA’S NATIONAL UNITY: A PHILOSPHICAL ASSESSMENT
The amalgamation of Igbo, Hausa, Yoruba and other minor ethnic groups into one country called Nigeria has been in serious crises not long after its formation as there was no strong basis for this unity. Since Nigerian independence, the country have witnessed series of agitations, riots, ethnic clashes and even civil war. In the 21st century, these ethnic tensions persist and have intensified, now compounded by various forms of terrorism. The Fulani headsmen appear to be among the deadliest terrorist group today. Other security threats include: Boko haram group, un-known gun men and agitators of various groups across all parts of the country. Under the poor leadership of All Progressive Congress (APC) government, terrorism, agitations, and ethnic clashes and ethnic cleansing seem unlikely to end any time soon. From a philosophical perspective, Appia’s cosmopolitanism and his emphasis on inter dependence as portrayed in the Ethics of Identity; serve as a catalyst for national unity. Similarly, the Igwebuike philosophy rooted in Igbo world view emphasizes unity and cooperation despite differences in identity or ideology. Both philosophies advocate for unity in diversity as foundational principle for nation building. The lessons from these two philosophies converge: they propose that unity amidst diversity is possible and essential. Through the application of Igwebuike philosophy, even the deadliest acts of terrorism by herdsmen and other violent groups could be curtailed, ethnic rivalries could be reconciled and peace restored to the nation. Our methodology is philosophical analysis. We analyze concepts, words, ideas, experiences to bring deeper meaning and clarity of thought. This involves resolving complex expressions into simpler foundational ones and elucidating their use within a given discourse.
This paper explores eight major schools of philosophy: Idealism, Realism, Rationalism, Empiricism, Existentialism, Pragmatism, Humanism, and Utilitarianism. Each school represents a distinct set of beliefs about reality, knowledge, and human existence, often practiced or advocated by specific groups. Philosophers may align with multiple schools, as seen with Sartre's ties to phenomenology, Marxism, and existentialism. The study outlines the meaning, nature, and core principles of each school, along with key philosophers who shaped them. By comparing these schools, the paper aims to deepen understanding of their influence on thought, society, and personal values.
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE INTONATION AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ENGLISH SPEAKER
Most non-native English speakers are first language speakers of their indigenous languages, many of which are tonal, as opposed to English which is an intonational language. As a result, earlier investigations have shown that they often find it difficult to properly utilize intonation in their discourse, making their utterances lack the depth and melody of spoken communication. This paper therefore seeks to address the problem by presenting step-by-step approaches to personal intonation learning as most non-native Oral English textbooks do not adequately address this concern. This work is a review study that relies on both published and unpublished sources to establish a distinction between the application of tone in tonal languages and its use in intonational languages. The study concludes with the hope that user’s application of techniques such as pausing, reducing unstressed syllables, practicing imitation and using intonation in context will lead to improved intonation usage.
POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN NIGERIA: BETWEEN TIMES OF BIBLICAL ISRAELITES AND CONTEMPORARY NIGERIANS, LEVITICUS 25:35-38
The measurement of poverty in developing nations are carried out to reduce the severity of poverty in such nations. There are Governmental and Non-Governmental organizations that take poverty reduction as a project, and one such is a faith-based oraganisation such as World Mission Agency (WMA). This study focuses on the poverty alleviation of WMA and evaluates the impact accessibility and significance of WMA poverty alleviation programs. A survey was conducted at Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. Data collected were analyzed using the principal component analysis and the t-test. The results obtained were discussed, one vivid findings of this study was that the effectiveness of the poverty alleviation programmes of the World Mission Agency in Ota was based on the systematic establishment of programmes that address the needs of people at the grassroots level and recommendations were made which include that the federal government of Nigeria should take a cue from the World Mission Agency Poverty Alleviation Programs. Nigeria is Africa's biggest oil producer but the sector has been tainted by accusations of corruption. According to the report, absolute poverty is measured by of people’s inability to afford basic essentials of shelter, food and clothing. Even the government of Nigeria from federal to local level have made several attempts to reduce the crippling effects of poverty by undertaking various poverty alleviation programmes such as Agriculture Development Project (ADP), Operation Feed the Nation (OFN), Green Revolution Programme (GRP), Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP), Graduate Internship Scheme (SURE-P) N-Power etc, but the problem has become resilient. Okunoye (2011) observes that the higher percentage of security challenges being experienced in Nigeria is caused by poverty. It has become a breeding forum for all social vices in Nigeria such as kidnapping, corruption, arm robbery, ritual killing and all sorts of detestable and anti-social practices. He further states that in Nigeria, poverty manifests itself in various ways such as food insecurity, poor clothing, poor housing, poor transportation system, poor educational system, poor health facilities and services, erratic power supply, lack of potable water and so on. But of all these manifestations, food insecurity is the mother of them all because, it is the maximum degree or condition of poverty.
Nmah, P.E. & Nwanjah, Kenneth Emmanuel Maduabuchukwu
BIOPHILIC ARCHITECTURE AS A MANIFESTATION OF BIOCENTRISM: A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
In the realm of architectural design, the integration of biophilic principles has emerged as a transformative force, redefining the relationship between built environments and the natural world. This article embarks on a philosophical journey, delving into the core principles of biocentrism and their manifestation in the evolving landscape of biophilic architecture. Drawing inspiration from ethical and ecological philosophies, this exploration seeks to unravel the interconnectedness between biocentrism and the design ethos that embraces the inherent value of all living beings. The article begins by elucidating the philosophical foundations of biocentrism, emphasizing the moral significance attributed to all elements of the natural world. From this ethical vantage point, the discussion seamlessly transitions to the realm of architecture, where biophilic design acts as a tangible embodiment of biocentric principles. Through a nuanced analysis of case studies and architectural innovations, the article showcases how biophilic architecture transcends a mere aesthetic approach, evolving into a profound expression of ethical consideration for the environment. Furthermore, the philosophical exploration extends to the human experience within biophilic spaces. Weaving together phenomenological perspectives and ethical considerations, the article elucidates the impact of biocentric design on the well-being and perception of inhabitants. It reflects on how these architectural spaces, rooted in a biocentric philosophy, foster a sense of interconnectedness, ecological mindfulness, and a deeper appreciation for the intrinsic value of nature. As a philosophical inquiry, this article contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable and ethical architectural practices. It calls for a paradigm shift in architectural thinking, urging designers, policymakers, and society at large to embrace biocentrism as a guiding ethos in the pursuit of a harmonious coexistence between the built environment and the natural world. Through this exploration, the article seeks to inspire a profound reconsideration of the ethical foundations that underpin our approach to architecture, inviting a transformative vision where the principles of biocentrism guide the evolution of our living spaces.
Barnaby, Jude; Osoh, Nsikan A.; Mbanefo, Ikechukwu A. & Udegbe, Chukwuemeka C.
THE PERSISTENCE OF IGBO INDEGENOUS TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS PRACTICES IN THIS ERA OF GLOBALIZATION
This study explores the resilience and continuity of Igbo Indigenous Traditional Religion (ITR) amidst the expansive forces of globalization. Despite the widespread influence of modernity, Christianity, Islam, Western education, and mass media, which have significantly altered cultural and religious landscapes across Africa, the traditional religious practices of the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria have shown remarkable persistence. Again, the various cries of woes painted by some scholars concerning the Igbo traditional religious practices being down and out, gave rise to the examination of these religious practices which were believed to be already heading to total extinction. These panic cries about the extinction of African/Igbo religious practices caused panic, confusion, and misrepresentation of realities among the Igbo of South-East Nigeria. The paper also examines the socio-cultural, spiritual, and philosophical underpinnings that sustain Igbo traditional religious beliefs, including the centrality of divinities (alusi), the role of rituals and festivals, and the importance of sacred spaces. It further investigates how globalization has both threatened and, paradoxically, facilitated the preservation of these traditions through cultural revivalism, and digital media. These hypotheses created by some scholars are the subject matter of this paper, to examine the veracity of these claims through the method of the culture-area approach to know how they stand the test of time. It was discovered that these claims are mere semantics, but in reality, Igbo traditional religious practices are only modified and sustained ensuring its survival and relevance in the contemporary modern Igbo society.
THE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (PWD) AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS IN COLONIAL SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA, 1896 -1960
One of Nigeria's greatest challenges to the realization of socioeconomic development since independence in 1960 is infrastructure deficit. Lack of effective repair and maintenance has enormously contributed to the widening of this deficit which has resulted in the continuous ebbing of the standard of living. This paper examines the operational history of the Public Works Department (PWD), an agency established by the colonial government in 1896 to among other tasks maintain and repair public infrastructure. It aims at gleaning essential repair and maintenance lessons from Nigeria's history to bridge infrastructure gap. Although public infrastructure maintenance and repairs in Nigeria have formed the subject of few scholarly works, hardly any focuses on the colonial era with attention on the PWD . This is owing to the assumption that since colonial infrastructure was exploitative, its history will have but little value. This paper argues to the contrary. More importantly, unlike existing works it seeks solution to infrastructure deficit using the study of a historical model - the PWD. It therefore adds a new flavour and contributes to the literature on infrastructure repairs in Nigeria. The paper adopts historical methodology involving the qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources presented in descriptive and discursive frameworks. Primary sources used include oral interviews, government documents and archival materials while secondary sources include published books, theses and journal articles. The paper finds that several strategies such as consistency, prioritizing, proximity, supervision among others were deployed by the PWD to ensure repair and maintenance success in colonial Southeastern Nigeria. It concludes that these are still useful today.
Lawrence, Chichebem Solomon & Lawrence Hannah Oluwabamise
NEOLIBERALISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL DECLINE IN AFRICA: WHY GLOBAL CLIMATE AGENDAS UNDERMINE NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES
This paper interrogates the intersection of neoliberal economic policies, environmental degradation, and global climate governance in Africa, with a particular focus on Nigeria. It posits that the implementation of neoliberal reforms, which are characterized by privatization, deregulation, and influx of foreign investment has systematically, diminished the state’s regulatory capacity. This reduction in capacity has been linked to an exacerbated environmental degradation, and the entrenchment of resource extraction as the primary mechanism for economic growth. Simultaneously, global climate agendas, shaped predominantly by industrialized nations, impose stringent de-carbonization frameworks that frequently conflict with the economic realities faced by resource-dependent economies such as Nigeria. The paper explores the inherent contradictions that exist among environmental sustainability, economic growth, and energy security, highlighting how international climate commitments, climate finance mechanisms, and policy prescripts often undermine Nigeria’s developmental priorities. Through the examination of relevant case studies and historical contexts, this analysis demonstrates how these structural imbalances contribute to a cycle of economic dependency and environmental vulnerability. The study contends that Nigeria must adopt a strategic approach that prioritizes national interests within global climate negotiations, strengthens environmental governance, and fosters regional cooperation to navigate the competing pressures of sustainable development and economic resilience. Ultimately, the paper calls for a rethinking of Africa’s engagement with both neoliberalism and global climate frameworks to ensure a more equitable and self-determined path toward environmental and economic sustainability.
Mbalisi, Chinedu N. PhD; Nwaiwu, Nnaedoziem S.; Chiemela A. Mbalisi & Alokwu, Cyprian Obiora PhD
THE CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS DYNAMICS OF POLYGAMY IN IGBOLAND
This article presents a comprehensive exploration of the culture-religious dynamics surrounding polygamy among Igbo. It delves into the historical foundations of polygamy, its cultural significance, and the profound impact of missionary influence on traditional marriage practices. The study adopts a qualitative methodology that integrates cosmological, historical, cultural, and sociological perspectives, facilitating an in-depth interpretation of gathered data. The article examines challenges encountered in reconciling age-old customs with Christian doctrines and proposes strategies for inculturating biblical teachings on marriage among Igbo Christians. By fostering genuine dialogue, mutual understanding, and contextual integration of biblical principles with cultural values, the article advocates for a balanced approach to promote harmony within Igbo society regarding marital practices.
Ajakor, Emmanuel, PhD & Ifeanyi A. Chukwudebelu, PhD
CONSIDERING IDOLATRY IN THE CATECHESIS OF THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH: TOWARDS ENRICHING THE FAITH IN NIGERIA
Man’s search for God has time and again zealously veered towards reverence given to created objects or beings in the place of the one true God. This has continued to diminish what the Christian faith in the worship of the one true God stands for. Such attitude has often time culminated in polytheism which was normal in the pagan culture but viewed askance in the Christian culture. The biblical account is replete with tendencies of flagrant idolatry as evident in the case of the “Golden Calf”; and also its outright condemnation too. Many Christians suffered persecution and even martyrdom in the hands of some of the Emperors that forcefully wanted them to sacrifice to the gods. On another note, the Fathers of the Church in their process of spreading and defending the Christian faith, met with vehement opposition regarding pagan worship that not only thrived on but also promoted idolatry. Based on that, this research has established the centrality of the use of reason in the practice of faith and the importance of not abusing God’s given freedom in the promotion of any form of practice of faith that does total disservice to God’s gift of reason to man. The researcher employed the qualitative method through which information were sourced from pertinent literature and journals. Thus, the research through the exploration of patristic antiquity exposed how their dogged fight against idolatry ultimately enriched the Christian faith in Nigeria.
BRITISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN NIGERIA (1926-1959)
This study examines the role of British colonial administration in shaping infrastructural development in Eastern Nigeria between 1926 and 1959. During these periods, the British colonial government implemented various infrastructural projects aimed at consolidating colonial control, facilitating resource extraction, and integrating the region into the global economy. The research focuses on key infrastructure sectors, including transportation (roads and railways), communication (telecommunications), and utilities (water supply and electricity), assessing their impact on the socio-economic landscape of Eastern Nigeria. Utilizing archival records, government reports, and secondary literature, the study analyzes the strategic motivations behind infrastructural investments and their implications for the indigenous population. It explores how infrastructure development was primarily designed to serve colonial interests, often at the expense of local needs and development. The study also investigates the long-term effects of these infrastructural changes on the economic and social structures of Eastern Nigeria, highlighting both the benefits and drawbacks experienced by the local communities. The findings reveal that while infrastructural development facilitated economic activities such as agriculture and mining, it also led to the displacement of communities, disruption of traditional lifestyles, and the creation of economic dependencies. The study concludes that the infrastructural legacy of the colonial period has had a lasting influence on the development trajectory of Eastern Nigeria, with implications that continue to resonate in the post-independence era. This research contributes to the broader understanding of colonial infrastructural policies and their enduring impact on post-colonial development in Nigeria. It underscores the need for a critical assessment of colonial legacies in contemporary infrastructural planning and development strategies.
PRESIDENT TINUBU’S LEADERSHIP IN ECOWAS: A NEW ERA OF REGIONAL DIPLOMACY
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has faced significant political and security challenges in recent years, particularly with the resurgence of military coups in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Niger. These events have tested ECOWAS’s capacity to uphold democratic governance and regional stability. The assumption of the ECOWAS Chairmanship by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu in July 2023 marked a critical moment for the organization’s diplomatic and security strategies. This study examines Tinubu’s leadership in navigating these crises, assessing his mediation efforts and their broader implications for ECOWAS diplomacy. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, drawing on secondary sources such as journal articles, policy documents, and ECOWAS communiqués. Anchored in neorealism, the theoretical framework underscores the strategic actions of state actors in maintaining regional stability and balancing power among member states. Findings reveal that Tinubu’s leadership has ushered in a more assertive and interventionist approach, characterized by swift responses to unconstitutional government changes. His emphasis on economic integration, regional security, and diplomatic tools—ranging from sanctions to mediation—marks a departure from previous passive strategies. However, resistance from military juntas, internal divisions within ECOWAS, and Nigeria’s domestic constraints present significant hurdles. The study concludes that while Tinubu’s leadership has revitalized ECOWAS diplomacy, its sustainability hinges on long-term institutional reforms and strengthened member-state engagement. It recommends enhancing diplomatic cohesion, refining enforcement mechanisms, and fostering inclusive dialogue to ensure ECOWAS remains a credible force for regional stability.
Dr Ikechukwu Emmanuel Uvere & Onyendi, Goodness Chinaza Nelvin
RETHINKING EDUCATION IN NIGERIA: APPLYING UBUNTU PHILOSOPHY FOR COMMUNITY-BASED LEARNING AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
The Nigerian education system faces significant challenges, including outdated curricula, overcrowded classrooms, inadequate learning resources, and deepening social disparities. These issues are exacerbated by an overemphasis on individual achievement rather than collective development, resulting in an educational model that often fails to address the broader needs of society. While numerous educational theories and strategies have been proposed to address these challenges, the Ubuntu philosophy, rooted in African communal values, presents a transformative alternative. With its focus on interconnectedness, shared humanity, and collective well-being, Ubuntu provides a framework for a more inclusive, culturally relevant, and socially responsive education system. It shifts the purpose of education from mere personal advancement to fostering empathy, collaboration, and a sense of shared responsibility. This paper, using qualitative approach, examines how the Ubuntu philosophy can be applied in Nigerian education to promote community-driven learning, mutual respect, and social accountability. By embedding Ubuntu principles into curriculum development, teaching methodologies, and educational policies, the study proposes a reimagined education system that not only addresses individual learner needs but also responds to the demands of society. Such an approach aims to bridge cultural divides, reduce social inequalities, and nurture a sense of unity and equity in Nigeria's diverse society.
George Chizoba Okpara; Dr Greg Ekeh & Rev Fr Dr Ezeanolue Aloysius O.
INTEGRATING CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRINCIPLES INTO WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
The transition towards a circular economy has become imperative in addressing global challenges of environmental sustainability and resource depletion. This paper explores current waste management practices and the integration of circular economy principles, emphasizing their role in sustainable development. Key themes include the shift from linear to circular economic models, benefits of resource efficiency and waste minimization, and challenges in adoption across different sectors and regions. The study adopts a mixed-methods research design to investigate the integration of circular economy practices in waste management systems, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis. Case studies and best practices highlight successful implementations while identifying barriers such as technological limitations and regulatory gaps. Recommendations focus on policy frameworks, public awareness, and innovation to accelerate the transition towards a circular economy
Revd Dr Chukwunonso Joseph Nosike & Ijoma Henry Christopher
ROLE OF RELIGION IN NIGERIAN POLITICAL PRACTICES: A CASE STUDY OF 2023 GENERAL ELECTION IN NIGERIA
Democracy is currently at the front burner of scholarly debate in Nigerian political and religious discourse. The effective practice and strict observance of the rules, values, principles and ethics of democracy has become a means of transforming societies to greater heights. Nigerian democracy has raised concerns and questions demanding answers as to why the country is still struggling with issues such as: justice, federal development and equal distribution of national resources. This research exposes carefully governance in Nigeria. This research reviews that democracy in Nigeria especially at the local government level has not done up to it expectation due to corruption partisan politics upper governmental interference among others. Again this research seeks to explain how religion can be used as a tool for effective democracy in Nigeria. Religion could influence a wide range of belief and social behaviours. It could affect the societal architecture, institutions and mechanisms through a multitude of economic, political and attitudinal variables. In particular, religion could affect the social preference for a democratic societal framework. Religion plays effective roles in the Nigeria electoral practices, such as; voters mobilization /sensitization, electoral monitoring and peace building, electoral violence mitigation, voter education and awareness and so many others The methods of data collection in this research is both primary and secondary sources, such as previous works of foreign and local authors who have written on the relevant issues in journals, books of reading, internet documentaries and lecture notes. The primary sources include both participant and non-participant methods of observation.
Abalogu, Divine Maduka PhD & Godswill Okechukwu Nwokedi
THE IMPACT OF SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS ON CROSS-BORDER TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION WITHIN ECOWAS
Separatist movements within the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) pose significant challenges to regional stability, cross-border trade, and economic integration. Driven by ethnic, cultural, and political grievances, these movements disrupt trade networks, hinder cooperation among member states, and threaten ECOWAS's vision of economic unification. This study seeks to explore the root causes of separatist movements, analyze their impact on cross-border trade, and evaluate their implications for regional economic integration. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study employs secondary data policy analysis, to understand the dynamics of separatist movements in ECOWAS member states. Guided by integration and conflict theory, the research provides a nuanced framework for assessing the interplay between political fragmentation and economic collaboration. Findings reveal that separatist movements destabilize regional economies by obstructing trade routes, reducing investor confidence, and fostering tensions among member states. ECOWAS’s responses, while commendable in some instances, often fall short of addressing the underlying socio-political grievances fueling these movements. The study underscores the critical need for ECOWAS to adopt proactive and inclusive conflict resolution mechanisms that balance political stability with economic priorities. It recommends strengthening regional governance structures, fostering inclusive dialogue, and implementing policies that promote equitable development across member states. By addressing these challenges holistically, ECOWAS can enhance cross-border trade, deepen economic integration, and achieve sustainable peace in the region.
Dr Ikechukwu Emmanuel Uvere & Enueme, Paul Ovie
CONFUCIAN THOUGHT ON GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION: A PHILOSOPHICAL AGGIORNAMENTO FOR NIGERIA’S ETHICALLY BEREFT LEADERSHIP AND LEARNING
Moral debasement is defined as the decline or corruption of ethical standard and principles, has long plagued both Nigerian leadership and education sector. Even in this Fourth Republic which has lasted for twenty six years, corruption and bad leadership continue to hinder the nation’s development. Due to lack of transparent electoral process, Nigerians have consistently been subjected to ineffective leadership, which has contributed significantly to the country’s current state. After twenty-six years of uninterrupted democracy, the dividends of democracy are still largely absent. There is no functional or quality education system, consistent electricity supply, pipe born water, good road infrastructure or efficient health care services. Many individuals entrusted with the leadership role lack a clear understanding of their responsibilities and high expectations attached to public services. Nigerian Politics has become a lucrative enterprise characterized by lawlessness and impunity as accountability is rare. Some executive leaders such as the president enjoy immunity from prosecution, even post tenure – an aspect of the constitution that undermines justice and democratic principles. The political class in Nigeria often appears to lack a moral compass or code of conduct, engaging in unethical practices and embracing a ‘might is right’ mindset reminiscent of Machiavellian philosophy. Using analytic and evaluative philosophical methodologies, this study draws on the teachings of Chinese philosopher, Confucius, particularly his views on governance and education. Confucius emphasized that moral character should be the foundation for both effective government and education. If Nigerian leaders would first rectify their personal values, hearts and family life, effective leadership would naturally follow, paving the way for national development and progress.
ALGOCRACY AND THE CRISIS OF POLITICAL LEGITIMACY: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN AUTONOMY IN ALGORITHMIC GOVERNANCE
The rise of algocracy, which referred to “governance by algorithms” poses challenges to traditional notions of political legitimacy and human autonomy in democratic societies. While algorithmic systems promise efficiency, objectivity, and data-driven decision-making, their opacity and lack of accountability raise critical philosophical questions about their compatibility with democratic principles. This research examines the tension between algocratic governance and democratic legitimacy through a philosophical lens, drawing on John Danaher’s foundational critique of algocracy, as well as frameworks from political philosophy such as Habermasian deliberative democracy, Rawlsian public reason, and Frankfurtian autonomy theories. Central to the analysis are two ethical concerns identified by Danaher: the hiddenness concern, which highlights the covert collection and use of personal data without informed consent, and the opacity concern, which underscores the inscrutability of algorithmic decision-making processes. These concerns create a legitimacy deficit, as algorithmic systems operate as "black boxes," undermining transparency, accountability, and public deliberation, which are the cornerstones of democratic governance. The research further explores how algocracy erodes human autonomy by displacing moral reasoning and participatory decision-making, reducing citizens to passive subjects of automated governance. The debate extends to technocratic paternalism, where efficiency-driven algorithmic governance risks sidelining democratic participation and moral agency. Ultimately, the research contends that the greatest challenge lies in balancing efficiency with democratic accountability. Without meaningful transparency and mechanisms for contestation, algocracy risks becoming a post-democratic order. Yet, if carefully designed, algorithmic governance could enhance democracy by addressing human cognitive limitations and systemic inefficiencies. The study concludes that the future of legitimate governance hinges on integrating algorithmic means with democratic ends, ensuring that technological advancements serve rather than sabotage the principles of autonomy, justice, and collective self-determination.
Johnpaul Enemuo, PhD & Anthony Ugochukwu Nwokoye