Islamic Spirituality and Mental Well-being: A Systematic Review of Theological Foundations and Empirical Evidence

Abstract

Background: Mental health disorders represent a substantial global health challenge, and research suggests that spirituality plays a vital role in mental health outcomes. This review aims to address the theological-clinical gap, cultural competency challenges, and mechanistic understanding of how Islamic practices influence mental wellbeing. Methods: The methodology involved a two-pronged approach: a theological analysis of primary Islamic sources and a systematic review of contemporary scientific literature. The search strategy covered peer-reviewed studies and classical Islamic texts, with a focus on the impact of Islamic practices on mental health biomarkers and psychometric measures. Results: The synthesis of theological foundations and empirical evidence reveals a robust relationship between Islamic spirituality and mental well-being. Key findings include the benefits of Islamic ritual practices (e.g., Salah, Sawm, Quranic recitation, Dhikr) on stress reduction, emotional regulation, and cognitive function, as well as the role of Islamic cognitive frameworks (e.g., Tawheed, forgiveness) and social mechanisms (e.g., Zakat, Ummah) in promoting mental resilience and well-being. Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the connection between Islamic spirituality and mental well-being, offering insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects. The findings have implications for developing culturally competent and integrative mental health interventions for Muslim populations, as well as guiding future research directions.